The Promise of the Future

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005 b. db. Transcript: The Promise of the Future

Originally posted on sciy.org by Ron Anastasia on Tue 11 Mar 2008 10:00 PM PDT  

Debashish Banerji
AUM 2005
Port Townsend Conf. Ctr., WA
Fri. 10 June, 2005

The theme of this conference is the promise of the future; so let us start with a namaskar from the present to the future. When this conference was formulated, in the mind of Richard Carlson, he had certain pressing objectives in mind. And we started an email forum to discuss some of these; and at this conference it is hoped that some of these objectives, issues, debates will come to surface in the minds of all the people here, and we take back with us something that fertilizes our lives and our sadhana, our yoga, our engagement with the world, our orientation towards the future.

Somewhere in her prayers and meditations, the Mother had written:

"A new light will break upon the world, upon the Earth, a new world will be born, the things that were promised will be fulfilled."

On the 24th of April, 1956, she reiterated this message in a new form. She said:

"A new light breaks upon the Earth, a new world is born, the things that were promised are fulfilled."

Of course the Mother was referring to the event that occurred on the 29th of February, 1956, an occult event that she called "the manifestation of the supramental on Earth." What are we to make of this statement, this promise that "has been fulfilled?" And what are we to make of the meaning of the future that we all strive to gain some sort of insight into, some kind of orientation towards, in the light of the Mother's statement?
Some people asked the Mother, "What were the promises that were fulfilled?" And she said:

"Don't you know? All traditions have spoken about this. This is the hope, the aspiration, the dream of humanity that there will come a time when perfection will be achieved on earth."

Yes indeed, many traditions have spoken about this. Buddhism waits for the coming of Maitreya, the future Buddha who will create a perfect world. St. John's gospel predicts the arrival of the perfect Kingdom of Heaven on Earth. And the Initiates, the faithful, the followers believe that by following, by being faithful, by being initiated, they are somehow privy to this coming, that it will come of its own. That it will come, and they will be there in the Ark, the ship that will suddenly one day alight upon the other shore, and the world will be perfect for them.

In Religious Studies departments throughout the United States of America, they have coined a term for this: it is called Millenarianism. It means 'waiting for the Divine Millennium,' whichever Millennium it may be [laughter]. Some turning of an age that will suddenly part the curtains, and the future will spill into our lives. But do we have any place for consciousness in this? Is it just a waiting of the faithful? Or is there something to be done, something to prepare? Today in America, there is a growing New Age movement. The New Age Movement believes that we have moved into a new age, the Age of Aquarius. Everything is changing, the Spirit is close to us, and all we have to do is in some ways to tailor the surface of our lives, become vegetarians, do yoga of the physical kind, have a smattering of ecological discourse in our everyday lives, and we will be part of the New Age. A day has arrived in the calendar that marks the astrological shift called the Age of Aquarius.

Are we to be satisfied with this? Are the promises that are fulfilled an astrologism? Is it just the turning of the page of some calendar? Or is the future, which is in some sense the present, now, today, to be experienced in consciousness as a present-future? And what does that mean?

These are some of the questions I hope we carry with us, that can be stimulated by this conference, and that we really internalize — not only in our minds, but in our feelings, in our will, and in our actions. We come into this world, and we are already on a number of trajectories. There are a number of clocks that are ticking as soon as we arrive. These are not just individual, subjective clocks. These are given clocks, clocks that expand to include the world. And in some sense, when we talk of the future, all over the world today, we are talking of a single calendar, which we use in our home, our offices. It is the calendar of what is called "the Common Era."

The Common Era, it's a new name, to disguise the earlier name [laughter] which pins its origin at the birth of Christ. Today we don't want to call it that because this calendar has spilled its religious intent, and in any case the religious intent was not the real intent, it was another intent. The religious intent was a convenience for a secular intent. But it is a single clock, a clock, whenever it ticks from, that includes us all. And this clock is another ship that is taking us to a certain destination. What is happening in the captain's cabin is not so easy to know, perhaps an occult hijacking is in process. And that change, or that determination of the movement of the ship, is also something that I hope we will bring into our thoughts, understandings, and our actions.

The Common Era is a term that makes sense today, in a global age, all over the world, because of a process, that has been named in various ways by various thinkers, but one particular German thinker, Heidegger, has given it a very appropriate name. He has called it "the Europeanization of the world." Today, maybe it's a little anachronistic to talk of Europeanization, but nevertheless, this is where this movement begins. The time period of its beginning is hazy; it is sometime in the 16th or 17th century, and it begins with a change of faith. It is not a loss of faith, as people usually believe, it is a change of faith. There is a shift from what is known as the Middle Ages in Europe, the ages of darkness and superstition, but at the same time of belief and faith, to an age which turns from the notion of a transcendental God determining our lives through its elect church, to a notion of a direct contact with some principle that from then on is assumed to be the goal of our endeavors - and this principle is 'Reason.'

The change in faith that occurs is because it is suddenly realized that there is no need to turn to some kind of a priesthood to interpret the word of God, because the word of God is everywhere around us. It is in Nature, it is in our lives, it is around us, it is in the stars, it is a patterning, it is an order, it is a causation that has intelligence to it. The intuition of an intelligent universe marks the shift in the age of the Common Era. The world has Reason.

But the shift from that understanding to the hubris of Man, who believes that with his Reason he can match the Reason of God, that in some sense we can use our minds, our intelligence, to become equal to the intelligence that is distributed so perfectly around us, is the beginning of what is called the Enlightenment. It is not a conspiracy, it is not a school of elect who begin this process of thinking, it is a variety of thinkers, a variety of approaches.

But perhaps from our point of view, looking back, it is a conspiracy. It is an occult conspiracy. It is the spirit of the Age, the Zeitgeist, that chooses to bring about a change in Time, and a change in our relationship with experience, a change in our fundamental experience. It launches us into a new world. It launches us into the world in which we are today, a world that is continuing to be with us and is taking us towards its own future. It is the most obvious future that people all over the world are faced with. It begins with the glorious, noble idea of Omniscience - man will know all things by engaging with knowledge everywhere, using his mind.

And in this process, there is an immediate division between Man and his world. I use the word "Man" advisedly, because who is the subject of this investigation becomes one of the major debates that has pursued us through all these centuries. And to start with, it is Western, White Men who is the subject of this objectification of the world, of this turning of the world into a object of study, of investigation, of the yielding up of the reason of its existence.

And somehow, though made in the name of humanity everywhere and for all time, made in the name of a knowledge that will enlighten us, a reason that will liberate us, because, once we know fully we will be free, it has yet persisted through all these centuries in maintaining its stance, its question, on "Who is that Man, for whom, in whose name this inquiry is conducted?" That somehow the voyages of discovery, the movements all over the world, have been done in the name of Science, because Western White Man has brought his civilization to the hapless peoples, yellow, brown, and black [and red!], who somehow are less human than the subject of this inquiry - brought a civilization, and has felt justified in exploiting, using, treating as fodder, treating as condition-able, these other peoples of the world.

This movement very soon shows its other face, that indeed, it is not a Will to Knowledge, but a Will to Power that drives the will to Knowledge. A will to power that is less noble than what it makes itself to be, that turns itself on the world, exploits its resources, turns itself on the peoples of the world, and wherever it finds weakness, exploits it, in the name of Science. So perhaps Omnipotence, rather than Omniscience, is the watchword of this ship, a kind of coming to absolute power.

A variety of critiques have been launched against this, but this is the world that persists, its machinery becoming ubiquitous and more and more invisible with time. Its markets spread all over the world, homogenizing everybody, everything, creating desire - because indeed, to persist in its trajectory, to create surplus, to create markets where that surplus can be off-loaded, to draw on people who will willingly give their bodies, minds, feelings, lives to its purpose, it needs to create desire.

The production of desire in the modern world, is indeed one of the primary machineries, prime machineries, of this trajectory in which we find ourselves from our birth, which is leading in a certain direction - which had foreseen, many, many centuries before the Mother's statement - the globalization of the world, the unification of the world, the homogenization of the world, and the bringing of Reason to all human beings.

But this Reason, where does it reside? Have we arrived at Omniscience, have we arrived at Omnipotence, or is there someone, anyone, any human being who has arrived at these things? Who is the Subject of this? Is there any individual that can claim to be the possessor of these gains, today, in this late stage of the Enlightenment's trajectory?

Or are these gains in some way resident in some occult power that has become materialized, that in some sense has become pure Machinery, pure Circulation, to which people, whatever position they may occupy, wherever they may be, are both subject and object, objects of its will, created in its shapes, bound by its laws, forced by its hand?

Is this the future, or is there another future, another future that coexists with this? There has been a sudden multitude of voices that comes to us from the mid 20th Century, that hold out a hopeful view of the globalization of the world, of the unifying technologies, of the sudden spurt of integration of our technological world, which is beyond our control, that is leading us. Is it perhaps that we have been opened up, willy-nilly, to experiences that would not be possible to us, that even as we suffer the standardization of the Enlightenment, what opens up in us is a new consciousness, a new spirituality, a new spirituality which is a new materiality, an intuition of the Spirit in Matter, of united, or unified, Matter?

Is it possible that certain experiences are being prepared in us, even as we are plowed under by the machines that are preparing this global age? This is a question to ask, a question that I hope will pursue us, follow us, through this conference and beyond it. I draw attention to the fact that the Mother was keenly aware of the possible misconstruction of her Promise, of the "things that were promised which are [now] fulfilled." She tells us time and again,

"This is not the time for rest and complacency, this is the time to be heroic."

We are not called to be the initiates of an order that will catch us just by dint of the fact of being initiates. Perhaps in 1969, the Mother gave a New Year message. She said:

"Blessed are those that take a leap towards the future."

Again the question arises, what is this future? This is, among the other late messages of the Mother, a very enigmatic message. What is the future, what is the blessing, and what is the leap?

This future can be named by us, but named only through the vocabulary of Sri Aurobindo, named from the dictionary of Sri Aurobindo. We can call this future "the Life Divine." Or the Divine Life, if you would have it simply, without Sri Aurobindo's inversion.

But what is the Divine Life? Again, using his terminology, we can call it "an integrality of being and experience." And this is not an individual integrality, it is a total integrality, an integrality which is global, and therefore takes in its scope the integral body of humanity. The Divine Life is not led by one human being, the Divine Life is a social context. What are the conditions that make this social context possible? Is it an unquestioning acceptance of what happens around us, what we find ourselves in, what determines our world for us? Or is it an openness to the world that we are being called upon to create, to co-create? Because it is already here among us. Is it an invitation, an invitation to understand and to participate?

What is the Blessing? Is it perhaps Mother's way of saying that it is easy to conform, it is easy to be one with whatever choices are given to us by that which is creating us, determining us, but that if we choose to open ourselves, not merely in essence, but in nature, not only in nature, but in action, to open those parts of our Will, of our destiny, to a higher truth, a greater law of world becoming, that maybe her Blessing is with us? Maybe that difficult enterprise, that seems so impossible, of going against the grain of the prevalent forces that structure the world, has been given that special sanction, guidance and Grace? How can we know, if we haven't even tried?

It is that which we need to bring into the Yoga. Sri Aurobindo and the Mother have given us two collective contexts. They have given us Pondicherry, the Ashram, and they have given us Auroville. These are collective contexts for the carrying out of the Integral Yoga, social contexts. They are not immune to technology; in fact technology is fully represented there. They are as much a part of this global world as New York, Los Angeles, or Tokyo. But they offer different conditions for the flowering of technology.

And it is perhaps these different conditions that open up for us those different experiences — experiences of the Spirit in Matter, of the Oneness that is organizing matter today, as a form of consciousness. What are those conditions and how do they differ internally and externally, psychologically and materially from the conditions of our modern cities? Can we make those conditions possible in our lives? Can we take the steps towards that? To answer that question, we have to first ask the question - Do we feel the imperative for that? Do we feel the danger of its opposite? Has our aspiration made itself detailed enough? Has it included in itself enough of the integrality of being? Or is our aspiration partial, does it stop somewhere, where it believes "This is the inward life, and that is all that's needed?"

And finally, to ask the question about the "Leap" - "Blessed are those who take a leap towards the future." What is that leap? What does it imply? What gives us the motor power to achieve it? And where does it lead us? The first thing to realize in Mother's statement is a fundamental sense of the word "future" that is directed toward the idea of the leap. The "future" is a discontinuity from the present, the future is not the present extending itself. The future is not the Enlightenment that knows from the very beginning what it will achieve, even though its effects are unpredictable.

Just as Life appeared in Matter, Mind appeared in Life, and at each stage there was a discontinuity in consciousness - we still carry in ourselves the scar, the mark, of that discontinuity. Our lack of integration is the mark of that discontinuity. So too, a discontinuity faces us today, the discontinuity of the future. In a radical sense, the future is not coextensive with the present; and the only attitude we can have towards the future is a radical openness to the transcendent.

Our aspiration proceeds from the present. What returns to it from above is an increasingly, progressively clarifying vision and an integration of our own aspiration. The aspiration clarifies, it becomes more detailed, it knows what it's about. There is a progress to aspiration. But there is another side  as the engine of aspiration and Grace propels us forward, there is required in us one other necessary component  and that is the surrender to the future, the receptivity to that which has not come into being, that which invites us.

And to remember at all times that we are not the creators of this future but that the future is creating us in its image. "A divine perfection is moulding us in its own image"  Sri Aurobindo's words. But until we can aspire for that and hold that openness to the radically Other, to the Transcendent, we cannot reach there, that Day will not dawn on us, the present will always remain present and the future, which is already here, the promise which is already fulfilled - that the Mother has given us - will remain beckoning without our participation.

I hope this forms the scope of some of the ideas which we take up in this AUM and with that I will take your leave.

_____________
Transcribed by
Ron Anastasia
Marina del Rey, CA, USA
(rjon@vzavenue.net)

Attachment:

Detachment and the Integral Yoga

This is an archived material originally posted on sciy.org which is no longer active. The title, content, author, date of posting shown below, all are as per the sciy.org records
Detachment and The Integral Yoga

Originally posted on sciy.org by Debashish Banerji on Sat 07 Oct 2006 11:53 PM PDT  

Detachment and The Integral Yoga
Transcript of a Talk given at Nainital, India on 8/16/06
By Debashish Banerji

I have been asked to speak of detachment and its place in the Integral Yoga. Detachment in a spiritual sense is the development of another dimension within us, a dimension which coexists with our active personality but is outside of it. It is to find an inner freedom, to discover a part of the being that cannot be touched by external circumstances or by the outer being’s activities – a separation within between what we know as ourselves in the world and something which is intrinsic and connected to an infinite being, a sort of an immutable witnessing. That is detachment.

How do you do it? How can you arrive at it? Everybody has to find their own way of arriving at it. For example, an approach through the mind may be some form of Rajayoga meditation, a process by which you can watch your thoughts. The best practice for this is to find a time which you can repeat everyday. It is best to fix a time because just like poetic inspiration, spiritual power also works habitually, it can be invoked more powerfully if there is a certain time which one fixes. So one can take a certain period of time everyday and it does not need to be a long period, not more than half an hour to start with – or even fifteen minutes, fifteen to twenty minutes.

During this period you can try just to watch your thoughts. Make it your intent to watch the thoughts. In the beginning it may be very difficult, but also, you may find it easy. Try to avoid expectations. There are many people who at the first attempt find that they can watch the thoughts. But because we are habitually identified with our thoughts, you usually find it difficult to watch them. You may find that the mind jumps from thought to thought and you are completely involved in its movement. You sit down and are identified with the jumping of the mind, then at a certain point you realize that you couldn’t watch your thoughts, so many thoughts went through your mind and you became them, became identified with them, you couldn’t watch them. You may find your thinking interrupted at some point by the thought that you wanted to watch the thoughts but couldn’t. That is a moment where a part of the mind which has aligned itself to your intent has kicked in. So at that point you try again. Even if the first few times it feels futile, you feel like a fool, you feel frustrated – ‘what am I doing, why I am doing it’, the important thing is to maintain the practice.

Many people feel if  they don’t succeed, say, in three sittings, they start believing ‘it is impossible for me’ or ‘it’s going to take a very long time’, ‘it is not do-able’. These thoughts are to be immediately  discouraged because the emergence of the power of witnessing is unpredictable, it can happen suddenly. You cannot know when it will click in. Suddenly you discover that you are watching your thoughts, that thoughts are coming and going but something in you has separated itself and is not affected by them. This is the beginning of detachment - at the level of the mind at least. This can be deepened with practice. We can spend longer and longer periods and then you find that throughout the day constantly there is something in you that remains untouched and awake like a witness. You are doing whatever you are doing – sometimes you are involved, sometimes you are upset, sometimes all kinds of waves of normal behaviour are going through you but you recognise the fact that something in you is outside of your active self, is not touched and you can withdraw, retreat  into that. And, at the same time you realize that there are two separate things – the part of your being that is not touched by anything and the part of your being that is active, thinking, feeling, acting.

So developing this separation is the essence of detachment. Detachment doesn’t mean that one needs to stop meeting people, stop talking to people, stop doing things or seclude oneself in a room. Those are just practices of exclusion. But the experience of detachment is one that nobody even needs to know anything about. You may be more involved in life than most people. You may have an active interaction with all kinds of people. People may feel that you are intimately involved in the world, but something in you is absent, and gradually you feel that a large part of your being is like that, that whatever it is that you are doing occupies only a minuscule portion of your existence.

You know there is an exhibition on the Alipur Bomb Case in Delhi at this time, an exhibition on Sri Aurobindo’s time at the Alipur jail. We went to see it. And all the freedom fighters, their pictures are there. The Mother has talked about them to Mona Sarkar – she has spoken of the fearlessness in their eyes. She says the psychic being is right there in the eyes and it is completely fearless. But you can look at all of them, impressive as they are and then you look at Sri Aurobindo’s photograph there and you realize that to him all this activity is a minute portion of his existence. Freedom of India is important to him but he is so much vaster than that. That’s the power of detachment. It’s an inner quality and it supports you.

In the Gita they talk about two Purushas – Akshara and Kshara Purusha. The Kshara Purusha is involved in the entanglement of life, but the Akshara Purusha supports it – that is Static Power. The development of that - it’s firstly the awakening of that, because it’s in all of us, it’s inside us. So the question is since we are identified with the active part we are not aware of this static part. We have to develop an awareness of that part.

Detachment and Freedom
Another source of detachment is the psychic being. Maybe everyone is not so drawn to developing mental detachment or awakening the purusha of the mind. But deep in the heart, the psychic being exists as a source of spiritual detachment. To connect behind the heart with that living source which is there - you have first to recognize that the psychic being is an entity, that it is an independent living consciousness. It is not some kind of metaphor or imagination or even a part of the being that you are already familiar with or that is involved somewhere in your other actions. It is a being, it has substance to it, and its substance is an independent substance. You may feel it as a flame. The Mother talks about experiencing it as a flame within. It’s not just the seeing of a flame, it’s the substance of an inner flame. The psychic substance is substantial, it is concrete, and to come into contact with that is the source of the beginning of identifying with the psychic being. If you bring your attention behind the heart and focus it there, if you pray to the Mother, at some point there is an opening, and you feel this substance. And this substance can then be experienced as that fire which we feed with our offerings, into which everything can be put as in the Vedic yajna. You can go within to that inner center, you can reside there. Whatever problems or difficulties you may have, this is the inviolable shelter within you into which you can retreat and reside and there you experience freedom, because that is always completely free.

One may act out of that consciousness and once again one may have a dynamic life in the world without feeling trapped by it. The nature may take a long time to transform, or to even to bring into some kind of order. Many of you have addressed the difficulties of the vital; difficulties of the vital belong to the nature; these may stay with us for a long time. They may be very difficult to overcome because the habits of the nature have their roots in the struggling Unconscious, and they need to be grappled with. But even to grapple with the problems of the nature you need a key. If you don’t have this key you often end up with frustration and guilt. You’ll constantly feel a sense of unworthiness -  ‘why am I not able to solve this problem in my nature?’ The thing is to find a part in your being which is already free. This is the key. It doesn’t change the problem of the nature (or the nature of the problem) but it gives you the attitude with which to tackle it. Then you can approach it with the best that you can give it, and you are not concerned about the amount of time it will take because somewhere you are already free. If you fall, you get up and start walking again, because something in you is free. So I feel it’s very important for anybody on this path, first and foremost, to experience spiritual freedom in whatever way they can, at whatever level of the being they can.  And it is accessible to all of us, because there is something in all of us which is always free.

But one must have courage to find this freedom, one must make oneself available to spiritual freedom. It is our conditioning, our fears, our duties which stand in the way, which prevent us from claiming what we come with from birth, our birthright. We are so afraid of freedom, something in us feels - ‘If I stop thinking about the things which I have to do, then my life will completely collapse’. The Mother talks about a young Japanese man who asked her, ‘You talk about the divine within. What is this divine within?’ She says she put him in touch with his psychic being. He used to come to her regularly, but after this he stopped coming. Then when she met him after some time, and asked why he had disappeared, he said, ‘You know what you showed me is very dangerous. I am afraid I will become unfaithful to the Emperor.’ Prior to World War II, the Japanese were culturally conditioned to take their Emperor as God. They had to obey him with their lives. So to awake to an inner source of freedom, to which the Emperor meant nothing, was terrifying to this man.

Rejection of Thoughts
So what it amounts to is that our socially constructed ego is afraid of spiritual freedom, because its importance and reason for existence is challenged by it. This part feels that if it experiences unconditional freedom, it will collapse, which indeed it will and it retains its stranglehold on our surface identity by convincing us that we will have no existence if it collapses. This is the first thought or idea to be firmly and deliberately rejected. That is where mental discipline comes in, where the conscious act of rejection comes. If you learn to reject this thought, if, every time it comes into your mind, you say, ‘Go away, I am not concerned about you,’ then it will lose its strength. There are certain thoughts which are obsessive. They insist, ‘How dare you not think of me? I am the key to your life; you have to give me your attention.’ If you have sufficient mental strength, then you can forcibly push it away. With the determination of your inner mind you can respond to it  - ‘I have no need for you, I don’t need anything. I am not afraid of any consequences of life or death, because I am free beyond them.’ If you can practice that kind of rejection of thoughts then it is not that difficult to come into contact with the part in you which is free.

Offering and Mental Attitude
But if you cannot use your mental strength to reject these obsessive worries, that is where offering to The Mother can be a very helpful power. This is a great tool, a very great weapon that Sri Aurobindo has given us. Here you say to yourself  - ‘I have no power over my own life. I cannot predict what will happen to me tomorrow.’ You do this also with a part of the mind – a part which is faithful to the Divine – in our terminology we would say this is a part of the inner mind which is under the psychic influence or at a higher pitch, which has become psychicisized. The role of mind in training attitude should not be underestimated – the mind under the divine influence can be a very good trainer of our inner being. It can play the role of a teacher and say in reply to the fears and worries - ‘Think about it, you really have no control over your own life. What will happen tomorrow you don’t know at all, so whatever is obsessing you, offer it to the Mother, because she knows. She has control over circumstances, and she knows better than you what is best for you.’ Because, indeed, we have very little idea of what is best for us. We like to believe in our personal knowledge based on our power of experience and we take pride in our freedom of choice but all this experience and all this choice is sunk in seven fathoms of Ignorance and something in us knows this. We want control but we are so helpless and so ignorant. The more clearly we understand this, the more clearly we also see the action of divine Grace in our lives. Without this constant Grace, we would be obliterated as individuals and as a race long back. So this part of our mind can bring home to the rest of us this lesson – “You have no control and no knowledge of what is best but She knows what is best for you and has the power to achieve it. Surrender your concerns to her .”

To develop this attitude progressively, to have the mind address the vital and the rest of the being, bringing constantly to their attention the fact that they cannot know what is best for them, nor can they know what the future holds for them – this is a very strong directing help for fostering the practice of a constant and integral offering to The Mother. But please remember that to be effective this knowledge must not remain theoretical, it needs to be made active. It is like Sri Aurobindo’s comment about the passage in the Gita about remembering the Divine at the time of death. In the Gita, Krishna says, ‘If you remember Me at the time of death, then you will come to Me’. According to Sri Aurobindo, this sounds like a lazy man’s short cut to Nirvana, except that it is not so easy to achieve a sudden willed remembrance of the Divine. To remember the Divine at will one must practice constant remembrance of the Divine. This applies in the case of offering as well. One must practice offering in one’s everyday life and for this one must make active and constant the practice of the need for offering . “Why should I offer?” – this question should have a clear and ready answer at the forefront of our consciousness at all times, because without that there is enough hidden in each of us to subvert our best efforts.

Even when a part of our being feels the need for a spiritual life or for the practice of yoga, a large part of us remains quite happy with life as it is; it cannot understand any demand of offering or surrender being made of it since it feels quite self-confident, independent, in control of itself. It has no need for the Divine. So why should it offer itself to the Divine? This is where the active practice of the mind’s mentorship is a powerful help, the practice of the reminder to all our parts that we are really helpless, that we don’t have any hold over the future and that we have very little idea of what is best for us, for ourselves - but that there is a Presence and Power that knows and this is the Mother. And so, whatever forces itself as an obsession on the mind with its sense of urgency and necessity, learn to offer it to that Power. Put the burden on her shoulders. You don’t need to carry that burden. When you can do that with fullness, with all your will, you receive a distinct feeling from within. This is a recognition of the fact that it has gone to her shoulders. She has accepted my burden.

Handing over the burden
Dyuman, a great sadhak of the ashram, writes about how he came to Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. He says that from an early age, after his college education, he felt a constant inexplicable weight on his shoulders. He used to feel as if he was carrying a chronic physical load yet he didn’t know what it was. But after his first darshan of Sri Aurobindo, when he left the room, he suddenly realized that the load had disappeared – he felt light, the burden had gone, and it never came back. This is the guru’s Grace – he had taken the burden. So we all carry this burden, it’s the burden of personal responsibility. It’s a curse of Ignorance, of feeling that we are lonely conscious agents in an unconscious world, that our well-being is in our own hands, our unaided efforts and we have to control all of life’s enormous unpredictable forces. The more conscious we become the more we realize how laughable this illusion of control is. And it is only then that we can learn to put the burden on Their shoulders, because, it’s really Their burden.

To the extent that this can be done sincerely, by the building and the practice of the proper attitude, you start finding that circumstances in your life change. They sometimes change gradually and sometimes suddenly, but in either case you realize that they change miraculously. This has happened in everybody’s life. I think all of us here can confirm that many things that we thought would be very difficult – with an invocation to The Mother and an offering to Her, become much easier. You find that even if you have to go through it; there is a strength and a help constantly with you, easing the journey. Little miracles continue to become your everyday experience. Her grace surrounds you. This is the power of putting the burden on her shoulders. It is an aspect of surrender. This is offering. Surrender is a more complete and integral thing but offering is an indispensable part of it .

Quiet Mind and Freedom of the Self
So, by doing this we create space within ourselves. More and more we feel free. More and more we feel unburdened. We realize that we have some control over the thoughts which surround us, which are trying to enter us. They don’t control us. And then we begin coming into contact with a part in us which is completely untouched and which cannot be touched, because it is another dimension. This is the Purusha.

To discover this other dimension it is helpful to begin with the inner mind. The subtler operations of the mind, the deeper contemplative thoughts are coming from the inner mind, it is a more conscious aspect of prakriti. The purusha is not the inner mind; the purusha is separate from the inner mind. In yogic terminology, the inner mind is called the inner instrument (antahkarana) – but inner mind can become the first reflective instrument in prakriti of the purusha. In this way, by reflection, the inner mind can develop silence. Even when thoughts are circling in the outer mind, you are aware of them but not identified with them, they are not happening to you or by you, they are happening in you but not to you. This is how we can form a part of the mind which is untouched by thoughts. That is what Sri Aurobindo calls ‘quiet mind.’ Quiet mind is not silent mind. But quiet mind is the beginning, it is the necessary precondition to arrive at freedom of the Nature. Freedom of the Self lies behind the freedom of the nature. To the extent that we develop a quiet mind, we also start becoming aware of the presence of the purusha behind it, supporting it, which is what it reflects. It is a witnessing presence. We may become aware of this through these exercises of trying to watch the thoughts and clearing a space in the inner mind which refuses entry to them. But this awareness comes upon us unexpectedly, unpredictably. It can dawn on us at any stage of the exercise, It can come in glimpses and then as a steady presence or it may establish itself all at once. We realize that it is another dimension coexisting with the operations of what we call the mind. This is why we can become partially aware of it even before establishing the quiet mind. Thus one can contact freedom of the Self, which is something intrinsic within us, the purusha which is conscious and free. But this does not involve itself in action; it is an inert witnessing Outsider. In the meantime action continues in us by the power of Nature, Prakriti. As it says in the Gita, Prakriti and its modes will run you, whether the ego is active or not. Sri Aurobindo’s first major discovery after the Nirvana was this, it didn’t matter that he had Nirvana and had no initiative to act, Prakriti would make him act, make him speak. He was to give a political speech the next day, but had no will to give it after realizing Nirvana. But his teacher asked him to go up to the podium and allow the speech to be delivered through him and this is just what happened - he witnessed himself giving the speech, though he had no will to give it.

Change of Nature and Surrender
Thus Nature will continue to run in us, even if we find the freedom of the Self. Of course, Sri Aurobindo also tells us that Purusha has power over Prakriti. It is not just the witness, sakshi, but the giver of sanction, anumanta. But this sanction does not transform or change the quality of the nature, it either allows it to run its course or to cease from action. This is why developing the quiet mind servss such an important first step. Not only does it give us access to the presence of the Purusha, it can also become the beginning for a reorganization of the Prakriti. Nature, prakriti in us in its intrinsic form is unregenerate, it hasn’t been organized, it hasn’t been set into any kind of perfection. This is a very important part of this yoga – to perfect the nature, to transform the nature. That takes a very long time, but in the meantime one can begin by bringing certain elements into it, bringing calm into it, establishing a quiet mind, making it receptive to a higher prakriti, to the Mother’s Force rather than to the lower prakriti, the force of Nature, and then trying to draw on that constantly, in different actions and activities of the life.

It is when one begins this process of transforming the Nature, that one finds that there is so much unconsciousness in us, of which we are completely unaware. We realize that the human being is so complex, so deep, it’s literally like what the psychoanalysts say - our conscious surface personality is just the tip of an enormous iceberg. There is so much about ourselves that we don’t know that starts surfacing. And then this word ‘surrender’ starts taking on significance and meaning, because we progressively realize that we are so helpless in front of our own nature. Today I may find that I have some realization, even spiritual realization of some kind, but that I am still completely helpless in so many other ways. So then you realize the practical necessity of surrender, and learn to call on some higher power, to call on The Mother for Her help. And that is a movement of the psychic being in us, the movement of calling, the movement of surrender, that then starts making the Grace active in our lives in a detailed manner, a detailed Grace.

The Dynamic of Aspiration and Grace
The whole yoga of Sri Aurobindo condenses itself to the first sentence of the book The Mother:  “There are two powers that alone can effect in their conjunction the great and difficult thing which is the aim of our endeavour, a fixed and unfailing aspiration from below and a supreme Grace from above that answers.” This double process, this engine, this dynamic action of aspiration and grace, an unfailing call from below and a supreme Grace from above that answers, needs to become active in one’s life and that is a critical stage in the yoga.

One of you asked if the realization of the psychic is the first step of this yoga. You may think of it in this way, but then that is a very big step; realization of the psychic is already an advanced realization. We have to look at earlier stages, steps to the psychic realization that need to establish themselves, become realizations. One of these critical realizations which needs to establish itself is this engine, yantra, this double dynamic of aspiration and grace. I would say this realization is the beginning of the Integral Yoga. One knows that somewhere at the centre of one’s being there is something called a psychic aspiration that has been lit that cannot be quenched, that cannot be extinguished and that in response to this constant aspiration something from above is responding constantly, constantly. The perception of this can be obscured but it can’t be extinguished. This is the beginning of the Integral Yoga.

Jivatman and the Psychic Being
One of you asked about the difference between what Sri Aurobindo calls the jivatman and what he calls the psychic being. Things like jivatman, psychic being, etc., these are words until you realize them. One can have a sort of mental understanding of these things, and the mental understanding is helpful – this is why Sri Aurobindo has given us these words, because when one has some kind of experience or realization one needs a map, otherwise one may be confused. You don’t know what it is that you have realized, you may have realized a part of some spiritual condition and think that you have had the whole realization. Many people make this kind of mistake. I have encountered a number of people who think that they have gone beyond Sri Aurobindo and The Mother in their realization. And then they start professing their “advanced teachings” and inducting disciples. This is why it’s important to have a sincere understanding, within one’s present limits, and a sincere aspiration for true understanding, of what Sri Aurobindo and the Mother have written. But we cannot have a clear understanding of what they have written about until we experience these things. Once you experience it the words become alive. The words are already living but you don’t know the life of those words until you experience it in your own life.

It’s enough to know that jivatman belongs to the akshara part of the being; in other words, it is immutable; it doesn’t enter into time. Jivatman is like a soul blueprint that exists in some kind of soul space, a spiritual space, eternal spiritual space. From it there is a projection that enters time – that is the psychic being. This also projects itself and stands behind the mental, vital and physical sheaths of the nature as the mental, vital and physical purushas.

The one becomes the many by this mechanism. One atman, paramatman becomes many, one purusha becomes many purushas. In the Gita there is this correction to the earlier Sankhya. The earlier Sankhya believed that there is one prakriti but many purushas, since many individualities mean many subjectivities. The Gita gives a corrective to this; it says there is one purusha and one prakriti. Then how do we account for the many subjectivities that we are, the many living beings, jivas? The one supreme Purusha has represented itself to itself as many witnessing centers. It is as if it has separate concentrations within itself. Each of these self-concentrations is an individualized purusha, what Sri Aurobindo calls the “central being” of each individual. Central being – he uses this term for the jivatman which is like our spiritual blueprint which remains outside time, but in a dynamic sense, it is jivatman’s projection, on one particular plane, which constitutes the location of each person’s central being in manifest space. It still hasn’t entered into time and the process of change but it is a purusha because the central being is each individual’s principal mode of being, what determines his or her swabhava. The dynamic law of becoming of this swabhava is what is called swadharma; this is the manifesting quality in time. So the location of the central being becomes the determinant of one’s predominant law of being and becoming. If the central being is the mental purusha one will be of the brahmin proclivity; if it is the vital purusha one may be of the kshatriya or vaishya proclivity and if it is the physical purusha, one will have the sudra proclivity or predisposition. This is how central being is related to swadharma. The jivatman projects itself as the mental purusha, the vital purusha and the physical purusha but one of these is the central being. The jivatman also projects itself as our innermost being or psychic being and this also bears the predominant characteristic of the central being. In the Vedantic tradition, this is expressed in terms of the Purusha. The predominant Indian tradition is a patriarchal tradition so this purusha based expression is the only one which is traditionally understood. That’s the reason why in the Veda you have the Purusha Sukta, which makes the divisions of Purusha into the varnas, the basis of swabhava and swadharma; the Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishaya and Sudra are born out of the parts of the Supreme Purusha.

Surrender to The Mother
But these multiple concentrations of the Purusha may also be seen as the self-becomings of the Para Prakriti, the Shakti or Conscious Power of the Purusha, because after all this concentration is tapas, chit-tapas, an activity of the Supreme Prakriti. The Gita brings this out where it describes individuality in terms of the self-becoming of the Para Prakriti – para prakritir jiva bhuta. This points to an alternate formulation which prioritized the importance of the female or matriarchal principle in the understanding of swabhava, swadharma, the central being and the jivaman. Sri Aurobindo has revived once more this matriarchal formulation – through the importance of para-prakriti, in fact, the centrality of para-prakriti, because without this formulation, we cannot think of a transformation of Nature. So for him the more significant formulation is what emerges from his text “The Mother”  - that the central being is born out of one of the four aspects of the Divine Mother, out of Maheshwari, Mahakali, Mahalakshmi or Mahasaraswati. This therefore also constitutes the qualitative essence of each of our psychic beings. So though we may say that it is the jivatman which projects its emanations or representations as a Purusha into the jiva, it cannot do this without the power of concentration, tapas of the Prakriti. It is this which precipitates Purusha into the jiva - as the central being, standing behind the mind, vital or physical and the psychic being, bearing the predominant quality of the central being. It is this quality which will determine whether your activity is proceeding mainly out of the mind, mainly out of your feelings or your willed experience or mainly out of the body. This is what lends the idea of Swadharma .

Swadharma may be thought of as a law of self-becoming. In the Gita, Krishna says to Arjuna that it is much better to follow one’s own swadharma, even badly, than to be good at another’s swadharma. This issue is of great importance in the Gita because Arjuna is being exhorted to arise out of his despondency and take part in battle as a kshatriya. But though Swadharma can be a convenient starting point in our yoga, it is not something to be made a fetish of. Here, whatever one’s swadharma may be, it needs to be surrendered to The Mother because the Mother is the integral power of Becoming. Your central and psychic beings may have been born out of Mahakali but Sri Aurobindo is not asking you to make your surrender to Mahakali or to istadevi. He is asking you to surrender to The Mother. The reason is that she is the integral power of Becoming. She not only integrates you and brings the other powers into action in your life, she is also integrating the entire universe, because she knows what to bring into your consciousness and when, in a harmonious fashion so as to create a coordinated universal growth towards the supramental manifestation.

The supramental life is one in which All is one and yet each is different - but it is governed by the Oneness. The power which controls the supramental consciousness is the integral power of The Mother – Aditi, the central circle in the Mother’s symbol. This is what we are called to make our surrender to.

The Action of the Four Powers of The Mother
The four Mahashaktis of The Mother are all supramental powers in their origin, so each is active on all the parts of the being, though it may have a more concentrated expression in one part. This is just as in the case of the modes of Prakriti, the gunas - sattwa, rajas and tamas. Tamas is more settled in the physical, rajas is more settled in the vital, satwa is more settled in the mind, but each is active in the entire nature. It is similar with the action of the four Mahashaktis – Maheshwari acts more characteristically through the mind, Mahakali more through the vital, the higher vital, the will part of the vital, Mahalakshami acts more through the emotional part of the vital and Mahasaraswati acts more predominantly though the physical being, developing and expressing its skills. But, at the same time, each is active on all four parts of the being. So it isn’t really possible to isolate their action in any one part of the being though there is a certain centrality of action. There is an action centered in one of these parts of the being depending on the swadharma. Children of Maheshwari are the Brahmins, Children of Mahakali are the Kshatriyas, Children of Mahalakshmi are the Vaishyas, Children of Mahasaraswati are the Sudras. So the central being will locate itself accordingly, and the psychic being will take on a specific quality accordingly.

Growth and Transformation of the Psychic Being
But whatever the quality expressed by the psychic being, it is also potentially of infinite quality. Behind the psychic being is the psychic entity and the psychic entity is a portion of the original integral Mother, Aditi, Para Prakriti, the central Supramental Shakti. Thus it is capable of brining forth from its own potential, powers of the Mother which are unexpressed in its present constitution. It can constantly transform itself under the guidance and action of the Supreme Mother. This transformation of the psychic being is at the center of the Integral Yoga of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. Sri Aurobindo speaks of the Integral Yoga in terms of what he calls the Triple Transformation. Ultimately, this triple transformation is accomplished through the growth and transformation of the psychic being. The first transformation is the transformation of the inner and outer nature by the power of the psychic, the psychicisation – the coming to the front of the psychic being and its recasting of the mind, life and body into its own principle. The second transformation is the cosmic or spiritual transformation. Here it is the psychic being that must unite and identify itself with the Cosmic or Universal Being, with what Sri Aurobindo has called the Overmind. The psychic purusha must become one with the Overmental Purusha and transform the nature by the power of the Overmental Shakti. And finally, the third transformation is the supramental transformation. And here it is the psychic being that has to become supramentalized. The psychic purusha must unite and identify itself with the Supramental Purusha and transform the entire nature by the power of the Supramental Shakti. The Mother says that the psychic being holds the key to supramentalization. And it is a supramentalized psychic being that in its physical aspect can bring down the Supermind into the cells of the body.

So the key to this very complex growth and transformation of the psychic being is in the hands of The Mother, the central or integral Supramental Shakti and nobody else. None of the emanated Powers of the Mother can do it. They can be deployed by her to do it. Into our lives she brings these powers. We are put through various experiences in which various powers of the Mother aid us, act on us, act through us in our journey. But the central granter, the giver of the yoga and its movements, its circumstances, its inner and outer growth is the Mother, the supreme Mother at the transcendent centre and origin of the manifestation.

Let us end with a meditation.

Debashish Banerji
Foundation Course for Facilitators
(16.08.06 : At Van Nivas, Nainital)

 


 

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Sri Aurobindo and the Future of Humanity

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Sri Aurobindo and the Future of Humanity

Originally posted on sciy.org by Debashish Banerji on Fri 08 Aug 2008 07:36 PM PDT  

SRI AUROBINDO AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY

 Debashish Banerji

The modern age may be said to begin in Europe in the 18th c., in the wake of the European Enlightenment, an intellectual movement which resulted in a change of human self-definition and outlook. It brought a new faith in human reason as a divine faculty, capable of knowing and bettering the laws by which all things were made. Such a drive towards a rational omniscience and with it, an omnipotence and omnipresence is powerfully with us today, as the Age of Reason uncovers the secrets of matter, life and mind and harnesses these for a systematic understanding and perfection of human life and society. But of course, the noble goal of human perfectability is no longer seen as universally as the motive power of this world dominating drive. Race, class and gender inequalities, the political privilege of white man, the subjection of the world to the forces of an ubiquitous market serving the greed of capital accumulation, the bulldozing of non-western cultures to a normative uniformity, the exploitation of natural resources to the point of depletion, the failure of the promise of universal health, wealth, knowledge, security or happiness, have all been made public by innumerable critical and bitter voices, darkening the confidence of the ever-accelerating drive for rational and technological progress, the hallmarks of the civilization of modernity in which we find oursleves.

 

But these limitations notwithstanding, we must concede that never before in the history of mankind has such a concentrated universal focus of study been brought to bear on humanity and the world s/he inhabits.  Additionally, never before has such a systematic power of material unification been brought to bear on humanity. The power of abstraction of objective fact and subjective experience into information and the universal dissemination of information, its universal and ubiquitous translatability, both in terms of languages and of mobility through space and time, has inundated the psycho-sphere of earth, making it possible for large populations worldwide to be swept by personalities and ideologies or to access these at will. Though originating in mental processes and based on a definition and fixation of the human as a rational being, this concentrated need to know and master man and nature has resulted in (or maybe, from another vantage, is the result of) an intensity of consciousness, which has manifested in a section of humanity as a stress of re-evaluation and redefinition. From the middle of the 19th c., one encounters the beginnings of a worldwide ferment towards such a redefinition of human culture and identity. Whether in the arts, music, literature, philosophy, psychology or science, the forms of human understanding and creative expression have undergone unprecedented revolutionary changes which seem to have rendered the past largely obsolete.

 

If one looks at these efforts today, what strikes us is their common drive towards a subjective revolution critiquing the dominant paradigm of the Enlightenment and attempting to overcome its trenchant divides. The materialistic bias of the modern age had remained so far unquestioned; it was considered the new datum of civilization, the privileged vantage of reason upon its objectified world. What was challenged in all these new breakthroughs was the location of consciousness in this modern state of being. Was matter after all as unconscious, as conditioned, measurable and predictable as it seemed? Could forms of life and mind be reduced to the same objectivity as matter? Was consciousness the prerogative of the human mind or was the mind as conditioned in its own way as the world it presumed to understand? Was consciousness limited to the human mind or were there forms of consciousness outside of mind? Could human beings have access to any such forms of consciousness? Were mind as subject and the world as its object distinct and separate, could mind be reduced to matter or matter be reduced to mind or did they interfere with each other in their mutuality? Could the human being discover and identify with a consciousness which transcended the duality of subject and object, mind and matter? These and other such questions occupied the thinking and expression of many creative personalities from the middle of the 19th c. The naturalism of post-Renaissance art was challenged in a succession of artistic ideologies based in experimental subjectivism. Quantum Physics shook the bastion of material determinism with a description of Matter in which consciousness seemed implicated (and vice versa). Psychology extended the ranges of consciousness beyond waking rationality into the worlds of symbol and dream. In all this revision of the cultural universe of modern man, Philosophy too played its part in rethinking human identity. At the head of the consciousness revolution of postmodernism stands Friedrich Nietzsche who, drawing on the protean power of the creative will, announced the self-exceeding of man in the superman.

 

Sri Aurobindo was born at a time of such ferment in the city of Calcutta in India. From childhood he felt that he was born in a time of momentous change and that he was destined to play a part in it.[1] Indeed, following Sri Aurobindo’s own theory of evolution, we may say that if the entry into a subjective age and a rethinking of human identity and expression initiated in the mid-19th c. by the concentrated force of mind at the cusp of its development was an act of nature turning towards its own self-exceeding, the arrival of Sri Aurobindo was the inevitable response of the principle of consciousness beyond mind descending to unlock its own power of manifestation on earth. The Mother put it thus: “What Sri Aurobindo represents in the earth’s history is not a teaching, not even a revelation, it is a decisive action direct from the Supreme.”[2] What was this decisive action  and what does it mean for humanity’s future? This is the question left for us to fathom in our grappling with the future of humanity.

 

Of course, the scope of such a statement as the Mother’s opens the doors on the invisible occult action of Sri Aurobindo. To acknowledge such an action is a matter of faith, and perhaps faith is a critical component in orienting ourselves towards the future, but a more active aspect of such orientation needs to be an informed understanding of Sri Aurobindo’s contribution towards the future through his more visible expressions, particularly his writings. So what does Sri Aurobindo give us in his writings, that helps in orienting us towards the future? Sri Aurobindo provides us with a comprehensive map towards the future – diverse yet integral – every part of which is pregnant with the fullness of the whole, in keeping with the perfection of a self-existent and accomplished consciousness presaging the vision of human fulfillment. In his magnificent epic Savitri, Sri Aurobindo has a line which describes well the power of his own manifestation and its action upon the future of humanity. He says: “In the beginning is prepared the close.”[3] Indeed, this is also part of his theory of evolution. It casts a penetrating light on the evolution of consciousness in time, or shall we say of consciousness as time? A new age is prepared by a descent of the possibilities of its full manifestation in seed form at its very initiation. This is the intervention, the descent from above, the avatar whose disclosure of a new power of being and consciousness is represented by Sri Aurobindo in the first canto of Savitri: the Symbol Dawn. Sri Aurobindo in his life and works represents such a dawn of the supramental age and initiates us into its flowering in our lives. More specifically, in his writings, he gives us a new philosophy, a new psychology, a new theory of creative expression and a new theory of social and political life – making up in their totality, a new vision of human being and becoming, individual and collective, a blueprint for a destiny which he announces as a life divine.

 

What is central to Sri Aurobindo’s vision of the future is the identity of the human being. Effecting a decisive revisioning of the Enlightenment’s definition of man as a rational being, he sets the agenda for the future: “Man is a transitional being.”[4] Man is not stable, a species definable by his existing faculties or empirically representable. The human is defined by his orientation towards the future and his power of self-creation. In saying this, Sri Aurobindo becomes aligned with the philosophy of existentialism and one can hear in him the echo of Nietzsche’s call for the self-exceeding of man into the superman. But Sri Aurobindo’s superman is not grounded in the hubris of human will. Though one may say that in Nietzsche too, the human will is only an aspect of the will-to-become intrinsic to reality, no ground of infinite plenitude or self-existent perfection supports, invites or responds to this will in Nietzsche’s case. In Sri Aurobindo, the power of human self-exceeding is an aspiration, individually co-creative with a spiritual power of Becoming, active everywhere in the universe and transcending it, that is responsible for the great hours of evolutionary change. This power of becoming carries the self-existent ranges of conscious Being, the living images of perfection proper to each rung of consciousness, which may manifest at every stage of earthly evolution, and which seeks for a fully conscious manifestation here. A double process of involution and evolution, and correspondingly, of pressure from above and expression from below, or of aspiration from below and descent from above propels the universal manifestation of consciousness on earth. At the level of the human this process becomes individually conscious and seeks an embodied fulfillment of its origin, the individualized ascent to the consciousness of the Idea which has become all this manifestation and the descent of this consciousness bringing its own perfect unity, freedom and creativity into the laws of the manifestation.

 

Here, one may say Sri Aurobindo seems to rub shoulders with Hegel and other philosophers of evolution who see Consciousness involved in earth and evolving through history. But this resemblance again is partial. Whereas the Hegelian Idea works out its inexorable syntheses using nature and humanity deterministically as instruments, with no occult process of the aspiration of Ignorance from below and the response of a self-existent Knowledge above or of the resistance of a conscious denial in the Ignorance, what one may call Falsehood, rendering the emergence of consciousness precarious, Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy of evolution uncovers the arduous agency of becoming in the Ignorance and particularly in the human individual. Moreover, the Hegelian Idea remains rational, a post-Enlightenment notion of consciousness reaching its full expression and its identity of being in collective human “understanding” and therein reaching the “end of history”[5]; while for Sri Aurobindo, the Idea involved in the processes of history is what he terms the “Real-Idea” of Supermind, a faculty and operation of consciousness from which Mind is derived and whose properties of infinite freedom and wholeness mind aspires to but can never experientially comprehend, except through its self-transcendence.

 

It is in this positing of Supermind as the ontological foundation of superman, that Sri Aurobindo travels furthest from the western tradition of philosophy as speculative metaphysics, and brings to its disciplinary formulations a revisionary power rooted in the history of Indian thought – the subservience of thinking to intuition and experience, both in the ground of theorizing and in the goal of validation. Here we realize that even in his method of philosophizing, Sri Aurobindo sketches out a direction for the future of humanity – a trans-cultural thinking, which couples our boldest intuitions and their consequences to a power of realization through a discipline of experience. As mentioned above, this future-gazing redefinition of the scope of human identity as a dynamic self-creation, and redefinition of the role of thinking as wedded to such a notion of identity had already made its appearance in the western tradition through Nietzsche and following him, through a number of new fields of philosophy, such as phenomenology, the philosophy of experience, and ontology, the philosophy of being. But the fledgeling attempts to create new disciplinary boundaries by these fields and in a radical way, establish philosophy as an alternate or subjective science, had long been anticipated in the Indian tradition, where thought formulation of the being and becoming of man and the universe and their mutual relationship with a transcendental ground of consciousness (darshana) had always been an inseparable younger sibling of an applied psychology of experience (yoga), leading to ontological change.

 

If Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy can be contextualized within the history of western philosophy and shown to break new ground both conceptually and methodologically there, it is equally a native of the tradition of Indian darshana and makes an equally ground-breaking contribution there, which pertains principally to the future of humanity. Heretofore, the Indian traditions of darshana and yoga had established a trenchant division between the Real and the Phenomenal, basing the first as eternally non-dual and self-conscious (Vidya) and the second as eternally fragmented and unconscious or at best, semi-conscious (Avidya). Human beings found themselves born into the unchangeable cosmic condition of Avidya but had the potential of consciousness to abandon this field of Ignorance and know themselves individually as one with or a part or participant of divine self-consciousness, Vidya. Of course, this pithy formulation hardly does justice to the complicated debates on the reality or unreality of the Avidya, the subsidiary existence, non-existence or perpetual separate existence of the human essence (atman), the impersonal (non-theistic) or personal (theistic) qualitative reality of the Vidya and of its varied possibilities of relation or lack thereof with the Avidya and the human individual (jiva), etc., which have made up the rich fabric of discourse and sectarian practice in the Indian tradition. But what Sri Aurobindo brought to this tradition is the idea of significance to the temporality of the phenomenal cosmos, Avidya, which challenged the discursive boundaries of the existing tradition, even while affirming its foundational experiences and intuitions arising from the Veda and the Vedanta. Looked at from within this tradition, Sri Aurobindo’s transcendental and evolutionary theism, provides a coherent vision of Avidya as an evolving self-representation of Vidya, marked by choice and a relational identity with the Vidya in its individual constitutents, emerging through the consolidation of a soul personality through repeated life-experience (rebirth) and arriving at the possibility of a specific embodiment of the transcendental Person in each human being. Thus the journey of the human soul from Avidya to Vidya follows both an individual and a representative cosmic trajectory, destined towards a transformation of the Avidya to a play (lila) of the self-conscious unity of the Divine Person with its infinite individualized self-representations. This is the Life Divine, an ontological change in the cosmic conditions of earthly existence, which can achieve itself only through the leverage of a power of consciousness known as Supermind, where the embodied individual exists in identity with the cosmic being and the transcendental Person in the field of the play of difference in Oneness. It must be realized that Sri Aurobindo enunciated this darshana using over 1000 pages of intuitively luminous and closely argued text in his magnum opus, The Life Divine and thus my attempt to outline his contribution in these few sentences is necessarily very inadequate. But what can be affirmed is the felicity and completeness with which all the questions of the Indian tradition are answered, the loose ends and absences demonstrated and tied and the conclusions put in place in a structure of overwhelming coherence and integrality.

 

What emerges from this also is the sense of the contemporary location of human consciousness at the edge of a species-wide becoming, being urged beyond mind towards the conscious choice of a collaboration with the evolutionary imperative leading to a supramental future. The elements and dynamics of such a collaboration in terms of its practices and experiences, are what Sri Aurobindo develops in his works on yoga such as The Synthesis of Yoga, The Mother and The Letters on Yoga. Modern psychology is today struggling to emerge from its cramped foundational bounds in a social compromise between the rational ego and the animal drives in man and a number of approaches which make a larger description and ideal realization of human consciousness, humanistic, developmental, existential and transpersonal, have appeared in the western academy to represent possibilities more in keeping with a future-directed definition of the human being, taking into account the highest possibilities which have been experienced and expressed so far. This trend is clearly anticipated in Sri Aurobindo’s yogic works, which once again, should be read cross-culturally, as part of a disciplinary transformation of the western study of applied psychology as well as an original contribution to the Indian discipline of yoga.

 

In this short discussion of Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy and psychology, we see a principal characteristic of his contribution towards the future of humanity – it includes all the threads of human thinking that have gone before, overcomes their one-sidedness and puts each in its place in a complex structure which yet seems simple and inevitable in its integral perfection. One of the signs of integrality is its ultimate simplicity. Indeed, one of the founding intuitions of modern science – and that which makes it seek for the Law which explains all laws – is that reality is ultimately simple. The perfection that nature presents to us is of this order – even in unfathomable intricacy and complexity there exists a miraculous harmony which faces us with the simple being of the creation, its indivisible unity. This is something man-made creations can never achieve – they inevitably turn out to be assemblages of constituents. In Sri Aurobindo’s writings we find this overwhelming sense of the unity and perfection of being, even in their great complexity they bear the mark of something which is a creation of nature, albeit a higher nature fully self-conscious in all its parts, of its wholeness.

 

If Philosophy and Psychology can be thought of as the principal moulds in which Sri Aurobindo has presented his formulation of human identity and its scope and possibilities of self-transcendence, his vision of the future extends from this basis to the social forms and expressions required to give collective body to this process of self-exceeding. This vein of Sri Aurobindo’s thinking certainly needs further study, since in his works on social and political theory – viz. The Human Cycle and The Ideal of Human Unity - he proceeds to explore both the micro dimension of city states and autonomous communities and the macro dimensions of political governance, whether of nations or of continental and world unities of the future. Sri Aurobindo makes the distinction between constructed and administered unities such as  empires and nation-states and the psychological unity of a people with a shared history and culture, which may develop an autonomous collective soul-personality, such as what he calls nation-soul. These organic unities are evolving trajectories of the world-soul in its movement towards a transcendental integrality. Today, such an idea as that of the “nation-soul” is likely to be viewed with suspicion due to the deep traumas of chauvinistic nationalism, racial or cultural imperialism, ethnic cleansing and the like which have continued to mark the modern era ever since the alarming advent of Nazi Germany. Sri Aurobindo anticipates such abuse of the idea in a masterful chapter titled “True and False Subjectivism”[6] in The Human Cycle, pointing to the essential identity of all souls, whether individual or collective, the need to make a distinction between the group soul and the group ego and the principle of unity in diversity which he sees as the basis of the world evolution. Thus fraternal relationship, creative cultural dialog and syntheses and voluntary confederation are the desirable processes he sees between all levels of such unities leading to an organized world unity. In today’s world, many of the ideas introduced in Sri Aurobindo’s early 20th c. social texts are in the making, highlighting the futurism of his vision. The economic interdependence of the world has spawned the vector of continental unity, the first example of which we see in the EEC. In his Ideal of Human Unity, Sri Aurobindo has a chapter titled ‘The United States of Europe’ which is prescient of just such a development.[7] Moreover, the need for global intervention in peacekeeping, facilitated settlement of inter-national disputes and the protection of basic human, cultural and ecological properties and rights is stronger than ever, pointing to the imperative need for a stronger impartial world organ with true international representation, such as the United Nations. Additionally, individual lives, metropolitan cities and intentional communities worldwide have been impacted by globalization and telecommunication to an extent where national belongings and boundaries have been rendered porous, and trans-national interactions and identities are in the making. Here, too, the danger of commercial co-optation and human conditioning in the name of globalization are pressing dangers against which Sri Aurobindo warns; and experiments in evolving collective consciousness, based on a strengthening and development of the inner life and its expressions, focus on sustainability, production primarily for satisfying community needs and a selective interface with the world market, open to innovations and idea currents facilitating inner needs, as with the ashram founded by Sri Aurobindo or the planetary city, Auroville, founded by Sri Aurobindo’s collaborator, the Mother are indicators of future possibilities for fostering the social conditions preparing the life divine.

 

Another area of human activity and expression where Sri Aurobindo has left his tracks towards the future is that of Poetry. In an age of technological dominance, when poetry is mostly thought of as an irrelevant and eccentric pastime or a “useless” luxury of the idle rich or at best an interesting curiosity practiced by the swiftly disappearing tribe of counter-cultural bohemians, Sri Aurobindo’s choice of poetry as a human activity to lavish his serious attention on may raise some eyebrows or worse, be indulgently ignored. But to do so is to ignore also the revaluation of culture implied in this choice. In Sri Aurobindo’s vision, no multiplication of external technological means, however powerful, and whether seen as the paradigm behind material products and devices or behind various forms of optimistic (or dangerous) human tinkering – genetic, economic, social, political or environmental engineering – can take the place of the growth and transformation of human consciousness as the fundamental lever of individual and social change towards the manifestation of an ideal future. If the applied psychology of yoga is the primary means for such change, the most basic self-representation of this evolving consciousness, whether as personal awareness or as social currency, is language. In the words of the modern German philosopher, Martin Heidegger (who follows in the wake of Nietzsche in redefining human identity and the role and mode of thinking), “Language is the house of Being.”[8] By this he means that the language of a people affords access to the ground of their existence in a certain form. Even seen only as a social convention, language discloses and conceals Being. Infinite being appears only to the measure and in the shape given to it by language. But beyond social convention, language has mysterious powers, words and constructions may have connotational density, allusive turns, primordial sound values and rhythms relating them to universal movements of consciousness, suggestive metaphorical and archetypal imagery and revelatory intuitive messages. In ancient cultures, the magicians of language, the vates of Europe, the rishi of India, the shaman of Central Asia, mobilized these resources of language to bring to appearance and to subjective experience, states of being outside the pale of normal human experience. This is the archaic basis of poetry. Sri Aurobindo sees the development of a power of language adequate to one’s growth of consciousness as an instrumental necessity in the transformation of individual and social consciousness. All his writing is of this order and puts into practice powers of communication keyed to the awakening of the universal and transcendental identity that sleeps as the forgotten memory of the original Involution within all beings. Nolini Kanta Gupta, one of the earliest disciples of Sri Aurobindo, refers to his word as a “consciousness photon”, a unit of divine light which grants inner understanding. In the field of writing, Sri Aurobindo considers poetry to be a hyper-conscious use of language approximating the native power of spirit to communicate its own self-manifestation whether of things that exist or that are yet to be born. This is the mantra. Restricted to hieratic use by initiates in past traditions, Sri Aurobindo opens up the elements of this possibility as a general ideal of language use for the future. Sri Aurobindo theorizes this possibility in another cross-cultural text, The Future Poetry, which assimilates the history of English poetry through the selective filter of the elements of mantric utterance. Such an utterance is related, as mentioned, to a growth of consciousness into the higher ranges of universal mind, reaching up to the global spiritual consciousness of what Sri Aurobindo calls the Overmind. Sri Aurobindo, in his own poetry puts to practice this writing of the future poetry. Particularly, in his cosmic epic, Savitri, he attempts to materialize an Overmental power of mantric expression communicating experiences of an unthinkable height and potency through devices which go well beyond the present power of human analysis. To orient ourselves to these kinds of utterance, open to the inner experiences carried by them, learn to be sensitive to their differences in quality of consciousness, use them as means for contacting higher realms and develop our own instruments of speech and writing to embody them are the invitation Sri Aurobindo makes to us towards the development of an adequate individual and social medium of communication and experience for the future.

 

From all of the above, we see how Sri Aurobindo’s contribution to the future of humanity is all-encompassing, profound and horizon-extending. Sri Aurobindo redefines the human being as a future-oriented transitional being; he sets the goal of humanity as the highest achievement it is presently capable of setting for its future, the evolution into a new species of divine beings collectively manifesting a divine life on earth; he revises the scope of human disciplines of knowledge-seeking and expression to reflect such a future-orientation and aid in its realization; and he presents a wide and flexible blueprint for the achievement of such a future. Finally, Sri Aurobindo is himself  the example in being, life and works of one who has “hew(n) the ways of Immortality”[9] for such a future for humanity, and the continuing influence, help and power in the journey of humanity towards this superhuman future.



[1] Sri Aurobindo, Sri Aurobindo On Himself, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1972, p.4.

[2] The Mother, Message on Sri Aurobindo, 14th February, 1961, Collected Works of the Mother, Vol. 13, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Pondicherry, 1985, p.4.

[3] Sri Aurobindo, Savitri, Book III, Canto Four, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1972, p. 343.

[4] “Man is a transitional being; he is not final. For in man and high beyond him ascend the radiant degrees that rise to a divine supermanhood. There lies our destiny and the liberating key to our aspiring but troubled and limited mundane existence. â€œ Sri Aurobindo, “Man a Transitional Being”, The Hour of God, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1972, p. 7

[5] A contemporary version of this Hegelian idea may be seen in the work of Francis Fukuyama. See Fukuyama, The En d of History and the Last Man, Penguin Books, London, 1992.

[6] Sri  Aurobindo, The Human Cycle, Chapter V, “True and False Subjectivism” in The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity and War and Self-Determination, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1970, pp. 37-47.

[7] Sri  Aurobindo, The Ideal of Human Unity, Chapter X, “The United States of Europe” in The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity and War and Self-Determination, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1970, pp. 324-333.

 

[8] Martin Heidegger, “Letter on Humanism” (1946) in Pathmarks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, p. 239.

[9] Sri Aurobindo, Savitri, Book I, Canto Two, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1972, p. 17.

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Reflections on the Ideal of Human Unity

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Reflections on THE IDEAL OF HUMAN UNITY By Debashish Banerji

Originally posted on sciy.org by Debashish Banerji on Mon 09 Oct 2006 11:33 PM PDT  

THE IDEAL OF HUMAN UNITY - Chapters XXXII - XXXV: Reflections By Debashish Banerji

Chapters: Internationalism, Internationalism and Human Unity, The Religion of Humanity, Summary and Conclusion.

In these last chapters of The Ideal of Human Unity, Sri Aurobindo draws together the threads that he has introduced earlier in the work, leading to his conclusion. Though Jan Smuts was yet to coin the word "Holism" to encapsulate the idea that a directed tendency towards the formation of ever-larger aggregates is observable in Nature, each such distinct stage marked by the presence of an identity and properties exceeding those of the sum of their parts, Sri Aurobindo's model of History follows this course. Indeed, this teleology follows naturally from Sri Aurobindo's master-idea of the progressive manifestation of intrinsic spiritual Oneness in Time, expressing itself politically as the drive towards world-union.

In earlier chapters an analysis of the processes of historical identity-formation, leading from tribes, through city-states and empires to the birth of the nation and its universalization as an unit of collective identity in the modern period has been carried out by Sri Aurobindo. In the course of this analysis, he has taken us through the determinable formative steps of the modern nations of Europe, expressing the contentions of centrifugal and centripetal forces in the process through brilliant impressionistic selections of historical event. He has concluded from this that (1) the forms that political unity has evolved in the formation of modern nations can be reduced to the ideas of the nation as State and the nation as Federation; and (2) all political unities, however cleverly or stringently maintained, are precarious unless accompanied by a real psychological unity.

These conclusions are important for the development of the last chapters, since they are now applied to the future scenario, seen as inevitable by Sri Aurobindo, of world-union. Just as past collective units of political and psychological identity have seen enlargement through history to their present reality as nation, so the nation-unit will be enlarged to the future world-unit. Thus the processes which have gone into the political and psychological building of national identities may very well apply in the transition from nation to world. Let us note at this point, however, that such a model of History, for Sri Aurobindo, does not translate into an ideology, as for instance, in Marx, an attempt to push the process along by constructed means. Rather, it takes the form of an analysis of possibilities and a measuring of their advantages and limitations. What is left as subtext only, is Sri Aurobindo's knowledge, expressed in his letters, that when the Supermind descends, it will decide for itself the forms of its action. In the meantime, a clear seeing of tendencies and their consequences provides us with useful hueristics of evaluation and choice.

The idea of a World-State, like that of the Nation-State, Sri Aurobindo sees as a danger. This may come about by the domination of one or a block of a few nation(s) over the world or through the ascendance of an internationalist ideology, such as Socialism. At the time of writing the book, both forms of danger lurked unseen by common eyes in the imminent future, in the imperialistic world-designs of Nazi Germany and the Communistic expansionism of Stalinist Russia. But the insidious moves towards global State-control may take other and more innocent seeming initial forms, leading eventually to complete totalitarian centralizations and the regimentation of individual lives worldwide. One such form may be a world-organ, formed by the common consent of free nations, whose sole initial function may be to mediate international conflicts through an appeal to reason and the common good. But reason is not the sole driving power of human goals and the "common good" is an ambiguous idealism, relativistic and prone to hegemonic appropriation. Such a world-organ could be driven to ensure its function through progressive interference in the internal affairs of nations, and to secure its existence through the progressive centralization of information, economy, administration and finally, legislation and defense under its World-Statehood. Sri Aurobindo is at his most eloquent when exposing the insufficiencies of the rational ideal of State control, its inevitable uniformitarian and totalitarian consequences, its destruction of individual liberty and the spiritual life. Moreover, he sees the rationally designed and enforced equalizations of Socialism as resting, in their maintenance, on just such State totalitarianism, a socially engineered utopian idea, "not only the logical outcome, but the inevitable practical last end of the incipient urge towards human unity, if it is pursued by a principle of mechanical unification - that is to say, by the principle of the State.... The State principle leads necessarily to uniformity, regulation, mechanization; its inevitable end is socialism. There is nothing fortuitous, no room for chance in political and social development, and the emergence of socialism was no accident or a thing that might or might not have been, but the inevitable result contained in the very seed of the State idea... A strict unification, a vast uniformity, a regulated socialization of united mankind will be the predestined fruit of our labour". [SABCL, pp. 482-3] Further, on Socialism, he has to say, "Socialism pursued to its full development means the destruction of the distinction between political and social activities; it means the socialization of the common life and its subjection in all its parts to its own organized government and administration. Nothing small or great escapes its purview. Birth and marriage, labour and amusement and rest, education, culture, training of physique and character, the socialistic sense leaves nothing outside its scope and its busy intolerant control. Therefore, granting an international Socialism, neither the politics nor the social life of the separate peoples is likely to escape the centralized control of the World-State". [SABCL, p. 479]

Certainly, in Sri Aurobindo's vision, the liberation from all forms of oppression, the oppressions of colonialism, of chauvinism and of capitalism must constitute any acceptable form of future society, but the peril of the oppression of individual liberty by machinery of whatever kind is a defeat of the human spirit and its destiny. On the other hand, alternate to the World-State, the principle of free variation that has developed as nationalism may be maintained in the form of a federated world-union. The idea of voluntaristic federation appeals to our sense of Liberty, just as the idea of Socialism answers to the sense of Equality. However, the idealism of a loose voluntary federation of national or regional social/cultural groupings of humankind rests on the assumption, once again, of the clear perception by each constituting unit, of the "common good" as the "common goal". Such an assumption could only be justified under prevailing conditions of conscious psychological development, which present world-conditions do not evidence. A persistence of the federal idea, under existing conditions, could not maintain itself on a basis of free choice and would inevitably transit in a direction of greater central control, as has happened in national federations, such as that of the U.S.A. Thus, "a federal system also would tend inevitably to establish one general type for human life, institutions and activities; it could allow only a play of minor variations. But the need of variation in living nature could not always rest satisfied with that scanty sustenance". [SABCL, 553] Attempts to ensure the free variation, on the other hand, would, under present conditions, tend to a breakdown of unity; "a looser confederation might well be open to the objection that it would give too ready a handle for centrifugal forces, were such to arise in new strength. A loose confederation could not be permanent; it must turn in one direction or the other, end either in a close and rigid centralization or at last by a break-up of the loose unity into its original elements". [Ibid]

Thus, whatever the political turn the urge for world-unification might take, however idealistic, its engineering and maintenance by rational and mechanical means is demonstrated by Sri Aurobindo to lead to failure, without the corresponding development of the principle of psychological unity in the peoples of the world. The ideal of Internationalism seems at first sight to provide the foundations for such a psychological basis. Sri Aurobindo points out that this ideal was a child of the French Revolution, with its triple call for "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" for all human beings. Of these, the mechanical solutions to world-union have rested, as shown above, on each of the first two principles predominantly. But it is the third, the principle of fraternity, which if it can be made real and active, can provide the necessary psychological basis for a durable union. This is so because fraternity takes its origin in the spiritual truth of Oneness which is the Power that seeks realization through world-union. Moreover, it would seem that just as the ideal of Equality is linked closely to the idea of the State; so, the ideal of the brotherhood of all human beings would be bound to the idea of Internationalism. If an international sentiment could awake in the peoples of the world, replacing the narrow separative and genocidal nationalisms which prevail, the necessary psychological conditions would have been laid for the eventuality of world-union.

But can an international sentiment develop anywhere near the same passion and effectuating power that makes people die for their country? Sri Aurobindo points out that nations have come into existence, serving territorial and cultural commonalities, which give them a basis of vital necessity less evident in the case of a world-union. Moreover, nations define themselves as identities and acquire power through a double process of amplifying factors of internal unity and external difference; whereas the international idea could not derive the strength that comes from opposition and resistance. "[T]he collective ego created would have to rely on the instinct of unity alone; for it would be in conflict with the separative instinct which gives the national ego half its vitality". [SABCL, 539] It also suffers from the danger of the rooting out of free variation and cultural diversity, if made into a dogma and applied prematurely. This is more obvious today than when Sri Aurobindo was writing, though his prophetic thought shows ample indication of its possibility.

Indeed, today, the international idea is swiftly becoming a world-reality. Technological developments and economic interdependence have shrunk the globe, throwing cultures together in a huge planetary churning. "The International Style" in architecture defines our living and working spaces in uniform and utilitarian urban cityscapes. Uniform life-styles, dress-habits, consumptions and acquisitions, mark off the middle-class and the affluent everywhere, while the poor struggle to be admitted into the International club. Multinational conglomerates control our doing and having, dictating expectation, taste and goal worldwide. Globalization has not meant the socialization of the world but its capitalization. Though it is true that, relatively speaking, in more urbanized sectors, a wider mix of nationalities coexist amicably, it should not be forgotten that fraternity is easy when all men do the same. I do not believe that the "international sentiment" has grown any greater than at the time of Sri Aurobindo's writing, and if there is any emotional identification with larger groupings left today, it is as intenser and narrower temporary forms of localized ethnic or religious fanaticism while the majority of the "globalized world" falls into the anodyne of domesticated sleep.

And yet, the globalization process proceeds inexorably, moving towards the external and mechanical fulfillment of Sri Aurobindo's prophecy. The scaffolding of world-union completes itself, with or without our adherence. Cyberspace spreads like an invisible Indra's Net throughout the world, bringing the All into Each point; while the circulation of the Euro promises significant political changes in the not too distant future, initiating the process of regional unifications. But the vital or intellectual ideal of Internationalism "is not powerful enough to mould the whole life of the race in its image. For it has to concede too much to the egoistic side of human nature, once all and still nine-tenths of our being, with which its larger idea is in conflict. On the other side, because it leans principally on the reason, it turns too readily to the mechanical solution. For the rational idea ends always as a captive of its machinery, becomes a slave of its own too binding process". [SABCL, 554]

What then could bring about the conditions of consciousness that can humanly match the unifying mechanics of civilization? Sri Aurobindo finds a closer correlate to the ideal of Fraternity in the Religion of Humanity. As it is commonly understood however, this too has a rational foundation, as the liberal humanism of post-Enlightenment Europe. A faith that all humans beings are the same everywhere and an urge to serve humanity in its betterment, irrespective of nationality, caste, creed, gender or culture is the wide formulation of this ideal, less cold than Internationalism since it puts the heart's passion behind its charitable rationality. But this ideal too is doomed to insufficiency and failure if it retains its rational basis and cannot embrace the possibility of the spiritual realization of the Oneness of all beings as its individual and collective goal. Such a spiritualized religion of Humanity would alone be able to transcend personal and ethnic egoisms in the living realization of the One embodied in myriad forms. Though such a possibility looks distant, Sri Aurobindo says, "But if it is at all a truth of our being, then it must be the truth to which all is moving and in it must be found the means of a fundamental, an inner, a complete, a real human unity which would be the one secure base of a unification of human life. A spiritual oneness which would create a psychological oneness not dependant upon any intellectual or outward uniformity and compel a oneness of life not bound up with its mechanical means of unification, but ready always to enrich its secure unity by a free inner variation and a freely varied outer self-expression, this would be the basis for a higher type of human existence".

The inexorable unification of the world will proceed, with or without our permission; but the choice is ours to match in consciousness and in individual and social expression this unification, through the practice of a collective yoga.

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Integral Psychology – Theorizing its Disciplinary Boundaries

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Integral Psychology – Theorizing its Disciplinary Boundaries

Originally posted on sciy.org by Debashish Banerji on Wed 26 Aug 2009 06:11 PM PDT  

INTEGRAL PSYCHOLOGY – THEORIZING ITS DISCIPLINARY BOUNDARIES:
A TALK AT THE CULTURAL INTEGRATION FELLOWSHIP,  SAN FRANCISCO, 2008
Debashish Banerji


Today I would like to reflect on the relationship between the ancient Indian discipline of yoga and the modern western discipline of psychology. I undertake this reflection in a spirit of a cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural dialog, so as to explore what may be the boundaries of the emerging discipline of Integral Psychology.

To begin my reflection, I wanted to start by acknowledging a piece of New Year Meditation music by Sunilda played at the start of this meeting. I would like to repeat the message embedded within this piece as something that we should keep in our consciousness through this exploration. This message says: “Thou always and everywhere Thou, nothing but Thou, in the essence and in the manifestation.” This is the message of integrality given to us by Sri Aurobindo, and this is the reality that we are groping towards in our exploration of Integral Psychology.

The theme of Integral Psychology is an inviting one. Integral Psychology brings us straightaway into the domain of integrality - integrality of experience, integrality of consciousness. As  I said earlier, my response to this invitation is this present reflection on the two fields, the ancient Indian field of yoga and the modern western discipline of psychology. I will start by looking at the western field of psychology. I am no psychologist but I look at this field as a discipline, something belonging to the whole corpus of “logies,” disciplines that emerged in Europe from the 18th century. Actually this corpus of specialized scholarly disciplines can be traced back to Aristotle. But in the form in which we have them today, its modern institutional form, as systemic fields of universal scholarship which have  structured modern society, it’s really from the 18th century that we have the beginnings of this disciplinary approach to knowledge. This approach takes its roots in the European historical phenomenon known as the Enlightenment.

The Faith of the Modern Academy
Thus, our institutional fields of scholarship may all be termed post-Enlightenment scientific disciplines, marked by a central unifying faith. This one characteristic factor marks off the initiation from pre-modernity into the modern age - a change of faith. It is not a loss of faith, it is a change of faith. This change of faith is that of the movement from a world with its faith centred in the Divine to one with a faith centred in the Reason. The faith centred in the Reason is also a faith and behind it too, as with all faiths, there are certain supra-mundane considerations. This faith starts from our observation and intuition that the world is composed of rationally understandable laws, that all around us there seem to be the manifestations of Reason. Nature itself is instinct with an Intelligence. The whole cosmos runs according to a rational plan; at the cosmic and the sub-atomic level there is the operation of Reason; so we humans, possessors of Reason, and recognisers of this fact - how easy it is for us to think that it’s only a matter of time before we can ourselves arrive at the Reason that has structured this universe?

In other words, Omniscience. It is the will to the Omniscience of Reason that is inaugurated by the 18th century Enlightenment. It is this view that spawns the entire gamut of knowledge-disciplines, the systemic and systematic search for knowledge by the reason, carried out by humanity, by the collective endeavor of human beings seeking to discover the laws of reality. We are still seeking; and whereas there was a certain initial priority given to the purity of the search, in what have been called the Pure Sciences, and only secondarily to its application, in what are called the Applied Sciences, the Technologies, today many critical thinkers are reversing this scheme and saying that from the beginning, underlying the will to Omniscience has been the will to Omnipotence.

In other worlds, it is the Will to Power, to the exploitation and enjoyment of “the Other,” for which we seek Knowledge. But even this view of the priority of Power may have its nobler side. We may counter that it is to create a perfect world that we seek for knowledge. This attempt to create a perfect world by ignorant people is in itself an aspiration. But behind this aspiration, there is much darkness. The blindness of human understanding, in trying to create a perfect world, has resulted in exploitation, in inequalities and imbalances and all the other ills of modern society. We have sought for knowledge, but we have sought for it using human reason. And human reason, while understandably a faculty that can recognize the presence of Intelligence in the universe, is not the faculty that can arrive at its integrality. The reason feels sorely its own lack as a faculty that can apprehend integrality and yet it posits itself as the master of the undivided and integral world. This is the great paradox of the rational disciplines of this era and “Psychology” is one of them.

The Aspirations and Limitations of Science
I bring this up because if we are to move towards something more conscious, an alternate Psychology, something we might wish to call Integral Psychology, we have to recognize the limits of the present field, the disciplinary limits, and then from these limits we have to be bold enough to determine the possibilities of an alternate – by which the lines of a critique can be made possible, and the limitations of the discipline overpassed. So there is on the one hand a search for integrality, a search for integral knowledge implicit in Science. Science starts off with certain assumptions. That is why I said it’s a faith. The locus of its faith is that nature is rational, nature is ultimately simple and that nature’s rationality is comprehensible and in fact, identical with human rationality. In other words, a complete description of Nature can be reduced to a few and perhaps one law by which everything can be explained and human reason can arrive at that law. This Mahavakya that is sought for by Science is essentially the Logos, the unitary Divine Word. So this is one of the aspirations of Science: its instrumentality is insufficient, but this is one of its key aspirations. This epistemological aspiration (or may we say, ambition or hubris) leads also to a totalistic locus to each of its disciplines. This absolutism or will to singularity gives a paradoxical religious character to the Sciences – a competitive assumption of universal Truth. In the case of the Human Sciences, this raises in the collective imagination, the image of Humanity as a whole, definable and knowable in its subjective universality through Psychology; and within this field, each claimant to knowledge becomes a discipline with its votaries or devotees who accept it as providing the singular Truth of the Universal Human.

The other aspiration that I have already touched on is the seeking for a perfect world, a perfect humanity, the perfectability of humanity. The Enlightenment makes its beginnings with a very bold departure from the medieval ages in Europe by positing that the world we find ourselves in is not a perfect one, and that it is within human capacity to perfect this world. But it tries to go about this too with the use of the human reason, the use of the intellect, insufficient, incapable of integrality. How can that which is imperfect build perfection? It can only build endless approximations towards perfection, simulations where the variables multiply but can never arrive at the whole. Thus, in both of its aspirations, its bid for perfect Knowledge, through Science, and its bid for a perfect world, through Applied Science, Technology, it is marked by a fundamental and irredeemable lack. Moreover, this lack of wholeness in our understanding and our dealings, combined with the precarious interdependence of the world, and the impurity of our motives, introduces new dangers at each stage of our progress, dangers that become more unforgiving the more sophisticated our grasp becomes. This indeed is the condition of our contemporary world, whose ecological, economic and cultural balances have been severely disrupted by modern technological meddling.

Finally, we need to consider the method of seeking; what is the methodology of Science? The methodology of Science is that of an ignorance seeking for knowledge through trial and error and through the accumulating consensus of a variety of people investigating together the object of knowledge under acceptable standards of verifiability and repeatability. It is to be noted that the legacy of this methodology, born in the Enlightenment, defines our epoch and creates its disciplinary boundaries. It has also yoked all of mankind to this effort and this method; as touched on earlier, in its totalistic ambitions, it has for the first time in human history, created the idea of Humanity as a whole marked by a common human goal. This temporally-constructed definition of “humanity” and its epistemological and methodological bearings implicitly inform our understanding of the “Humanities,” “humanism” and “humanitarianism.” This method has led us from theory to theory, from expansion of understanding to expansion of understanding, from piecemeal understandings to larger piecemeal understandings. But it has not brought us face to face with integrality. Integrality cannot be pieced together from the fragments of understanding, however large or systemic.


The other notable aspect to the methodology of Science is its necessary distinction of the knower and the object of knowledge, or the subject and the object. As the late Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant brought out with incisive clarity in his Critique of Pure Reason, the Subject can never know the truth or reality of the Object, the Object will in-itself remain always transcendental to the Subject. The Subject can only arrive at models to explain its own subjective experience of the Object. The best such model to describe the correlation of subjective perceptions, reduced to objectively measurable and universally verifiable dimensions, is what the rational knower can aspire for, no more. This limitation is implicit to Science, yet hardly overtly acknowledged. Its implications for the “human sciences,” eg. Psychology, are even more marked, since we presume to arrive at the truth of human subjectivity itself through this knowledge discipline, a paradoxical and irreconcilable blurring of boundaries of the kind known in postmodern thinking as an “aporia.” In terms of Applied Science, this paradox extends to the disciplines of psychiatry and psychotherapy, where the “practitioner” assumes a position of knowledge dominance over the “patient,” without acknowledging that by dint of disciplinary limitations, the object of knowledge is never comprehensible.

The Disciplinary Formation of Yoga
At this point, let us turn our attention to yoga. Yoga has its own history and its own disciplinary boundaries, which are not the same as those of Science. Nor are their goals the same. Firstly, yoga’s seeking for knowledge ends with practical experience. It is not a theoretical science. It is not a total system of objectified understandings describing the laws of  nature with which one can then manipulate the world. It is a practical discipline for the attainment of truth as experience. But associated with yoga, there is a theoretical discipline, though subordinated to its practical goals. This is known as Darshana . Darshana and Yoga form an inseparable pair in the disciplinary construct of Indian epistemology. Darshana, which has been translated as philosophy, is the theoretical system that describes Reality in terms which explain the cosmology, the interrelations, the processes, the goals that are explored as a practical discipline through yoga. So Yoga and Darshana comprise the two aspects related to Knowledge and Power, which we find analogically addressed as Science and Technology in the modern western tradition.

But we should immediately see the differences – as a reverse priority to the western discipline, the applied aspect, yoga becomes the primary concern of the Indian disciplinary formation with the theoretical aspect supporting it. And as a corollary, the theoretical aspect does not claim absolute power over the Knowledge domain, is not in seeking for an absolute epistemology, a singularity in expression, but a description of Reality which will facilitate its own experience (through yoga) for those interested in realizing it. Moreover, the theory of practice which yoga is, is not meant to be verified or applied in an objectified empirical form, but individually and subjectively, as experience. Again, neither Yoga nor Darshana is really concerned with the perfectibility of the world. I am speaking here about the pre-modern disciplinary formation of Indian yoga, not its modern post-Enlightenment variants, which have been modified through their engagement with humanistic trajectories. Here, we have to acknowledge that both science, including the science of psychology, and yoga are in transition. Neither of these is fixed. They are changing and today, more than ever before, they are in flux; and the attempt of this exploration is to express some aspects of these conscious and unconscious changes occurring within the hybrid postmodern epistemological landscape, and to also acknowledge what needs to be theorized, because it needs to be theorized. Without theorizing it, this transition is not understood, nor are its imperatives, possibilities and choices well directed. So, the next question to address would be - what are the pressures for change in both disciplinary formations of psychology and science that we are seeing today as a result of postmodern circumstances and where in this flux can we locate the possibility of an Integral Psychology?

Disciplines in Flux and a Non-Dual Epistemology
In this consideration, we need to look first at what the traditional disciplines envisaged and then predicate what is in transition. Yoga, as I pointed out, was not interested at all in the perfectibility of the human race or in humanity. Yoga was not done for humanity, nor today is it done for humanity. Even Integral Yoga is not primarily engaged in for humanity, this is in fact one of its disciplinary boundaries. Yoga is done for the attainment of the Divine and for the realization by the individual, of Reality. It may be asked where humanity fits in this, whether or not, somehow, reality is subsumed by humanity, whether humankind is not created in the image of God. This is in fact one of the founding intuitions of the western tradition, and remains one of the inheritances of Science. If there is some truth in it, nevertheless, it is the individual experience of Reality as Conscious Being which forms the primary goal of yoga, any humanistic or post-humanistic goal can only be thought of on that basis.

Again, if we look at the yogic systems, we find firstly that the methodology is markedly different from the western discipline of science. It isn’t the idea of moving from ignorance to knowledge using the mind. Whatever yoga we look at, there is the premise that consciousness is not restricted to the mental. Consciousness has locked potencies of self-assured knowledge that we have to arrive at, these awakenings of consciousness, of forms of perception and action that far overpower our human consciousness and that grant us knowledge by experience, knowledge by identity. Thus, the unbridgeable distinction of subject and object, which forms a necessary premise of rational epistemology, is replaced here by a faith in non-dual experience and knowledge based on this. Indeed, one may say this is the implication of Darshana, a seeing in which the distinction of subject and object collapses and Reality is experienced as non-dual consciousness. These are the epistemological foundations of yoga as a science, as a practical psychology.

So, in its very basis, the individual is called upon to exceed himself in yoga, we are called upon to discover, at first through intuition, and opening to knowledge, other comprehensions of Reality that move towards identity. Sri Aurobindo has a chapter in ‘The Life Divine’ called ‘Methods of Vedantic Knowledge’. In this chapter, he clarifies that the debates engaged in by the masters of yoga in pre-modern India did not proceed on the basis of the question, ‘what do you think?’ but rather, ‘what do you see?’ or ‘what do you experience?’ It is by the growth of intuitive and phenomenological comprehension that we arrive at knowledge, knowledge by identity, forms of consciousness which make Reality self evident to us. So this epistemological foundation of yoga is a major difference from the foundation of psychology as a science and this needs to be theorized and understood, if we are to engage in the cross-disciplinary dialog implicit in the building of the postmodern discipline of Integral Psychology. But, on the other hand, the traditional yogas have not really sought for integrality. Neither have they sought for perfectibility of human nature or of humanity as a whole, because they have felt these things are outside their domain. Sri Ramakrishna commented with regard to Vivekananda’s social service programmes, which the latter termed “Practical Vedanta,” that this was not really legitimate to the field of yoga.

Now, Sri Aurobindo envisages a perfect world, but at the same time, he, too, does not think it legitimate to travel outside of oneself to help others. The perfect world is to come about through the expansion of knowledge within, through the performance of yoga, but not through social service, not through humanitarianism or humanism, seen as the “helping of others.” And so this whole issue of humanity as the focus of sciences, of theoretic or applied science, is another area that needs to be addressed in arriving at the boundaries of Integral Psychology, that this is not what Integral Psychology is meant for.

A Cross-Disciplinary Concern
From the above discussion, we may arrive at a number of differences between the two disciplines of our consideration, which need to be acknowledged in negotiating the boundaries of Integral Psychology: If we hold that the seeking for the knowledge of an integral description of human subjectivity is the goal of this discipline, the dialog of the western “human science” of Psychology with the Indian theory of practice, Yoga, yields the following aporia for our considerations: (1) An empirical study of human behavior by objective measurement of samples of human population can at best yield statistical median characteristics as descriptors of human consciousness, that can hardly say anything about subjective experience, human potential, the submerged interrelationships of consciousness, or the limits of the human. Instead, the locus of such a knowledge must be sought through individual introspection, experience, and comparison with the constructs of others who have established adequate approaches towards such descriptions (darshanas/yogas). (2) The seeker of such an integral description of human subjectivity cannot remain unchanged in the basis of his/her knowledge as a rational subject but as part of the disciplinary method, aim at the transformation of the basis of knowing to forms of non-dual experience. (3) An integral discipline of human subjectivity cannot assume prefigured limits to human consciousness, but will seek the extension of the boundaries (if any) of human consciousness based on its refusal to limit consciousness to mentality and its openness to trans-personal experience. (4) An integral description of human subjectivity cannot remain a theoretical construct practically applicable by a rational knower of this construct in instances of therapist-patient interactions in psychotherapy or psychiatry. The proper or primary field of application of such a description is the individual practitioner him/her-self, as a dual discipline of knowledge and self-transformational practice. As a “humanistic” discipline, its extension can find its legitimate field of social application in communities of transformational intent through processes of consciousness communication and sharing.

Vedantic Darshanas and Integrality in Yoga
Let us move on to consider the idea of integrality in “yoga.” If we attend to the traditional yogas, we find that there are three major pre-modern fields of yoga related to darshanas that exist within the corpus of knowledge called Vedanta. These darshanas are given the names Adwaita or Unqualified Non-Dualism, Vishista Adwaita or Qualified Non-Dualism and Dwaita or Dualism. Adwaita takes the stance that Reality is Transcendental, that the entire phenomenal universe, is not only irrelevant but non-existent. It is phantasmal and illusory and can be erased from the consciousness. This Adwaitic view is part of a broader system of what might be called Mayavadin philosophies and yogas. Mayavadin yogas all envisage a reality that is outside of the domain of phenomena, or a non-reality, if you wish to call it that, for the Buddhists. But whatever it is or is not, it is to be sought for outside of the phenomenal realm.

Vishista Adwaita takes a different stance. For Vishista Adwaita, Qualified Non-Dualism, there is one Reality which modulates itself in a variety of differences, and whatever we experience are  modifications or modulations of this Universal Reality. Dwaita takes a third stand. According to Dwaita, the Divine is personal, a Being with which or with whom, we relate as persons, and this relation will always be that of an inferior to a superior. We will have an ever-increasing devotion towards the Supreme Being but we will never be one with that Supreme Being. This Darshana leads to its own kind of yoga and all the Bhakti schools of India derive from it. We may even say all the dualistic devotional traditions of the world, including Christianity, could be constellated with Dwaita.

There is profound truth to each of these Darshanas and their corresponding yogas. None of them are false. The great mystic and yogi, Sri Ramakrishna, after having the Adwaitic realisastion, threw it aside saying ‘I don’t want to be sugar, I want to eat sugar’. We wish to enjoy the relationship with the Divine. Who is there to enjoy, if you are the Divine? Why did the Divine create a world in which there is the Enjoyer and the Object of Enjoyment, if this distinction was meant to be erased? At the same time, the Divine and the human are related in an integral way, so that each of us is the Divine. We are names and forms of the one Being.

In the traditional approach, these three poises of yoga have been seen as distinct. There have been many schools that have grown up out of these and out of certain combinations of these. But there has been no attempt to seek for an integration. The seeking for integration, for one Reality, for an integral Reality, is intrinsic to the human being. This is why Science starts with the assumption that Nature is ultimately simple and we can arrive at a single Law. It is the faith of Science. How can we posit such a faith? We can posit it because we intuit it. At the origin of the birth of modern Science, there is an intuition of this kind. On the other hand, when we look at the yogas, we find that the founders of these fields have appealed to a certain body of knowledge that went before them, the Vedanta. That’s why they have all named themselves after Vedanta. Each of the founding figures of the Vedantic Darshanas has interpreted the Vedanta, and through their interpretation has tried to validate himself. They have selectively interpreted the Vedanta to support their poise of experience. It is because the Vedanta contains more, is more fertile and not exhausted by any of these interpretations, that other schools can also find support in it. So each of these Darshanas is true but each of these is partially true. Yet the very fact that they look back at the Vedanta means that they see there the source of an integrality, an integral source to which they must subordinate themselves. The Vedanta itself is pervaded and penetrated by this intuition and experience of the integrality of Reality. Yet there has been no attempt to integrate the darshanas since there has been no totalistic epistemological demand in Indian philosophy, no seeking for an exclusive statement of Knowledge which is absolute. The preferential right of individuals to approach Truth in a variety of ways through the disciplines of yoga (adhikara-vada) and the subordination of darshana to yoga as a cognitive aid to praxis has diluted this demand. It is not that sectarian rivalry and antagonism has not existed in India because of this, but they have been relatively contained prior to the modern period.

Neo-Vedanta, Inclusivism and Integrality
Modernity however has brought, among its problems, a clash of civilizations (in Samuel Huntington’s now celebrated though controversial terms). In the Indian context, it has meant, among other things, a yoking of the social destiny with the knowledge goals of the Enlightenment – the need to assert a totalistic knowledge system as absolute. This, combined with the need for firmly defined disciplinary boundaries and a national identity construct based in religion, has led to the deplorable formation of an exclusionary Neo-Vedantic Hindutva. Hindutva is clearly a modern phenomenon, but it hides the seeking for an integral description of reality which was implicit but not realized in pre-modern Indian Vedantic darshanas. Neo-Vedanta itself is a term coined in the modern academic discipline of “Religious Studies,” to account for formulations based in Vedanta but under the impress of an Enlightenment epistemology. Scholars like the German Paul Hacker or closer to our time, Wilhelm Halbfass, have pointed to other totalistic possibilities for Neo-Vedanta. Whereas we may think of Hindutva as exclusivistic, Hacker and Halbfass have indicated the presence of an inclusivistic Neo-Vedanta in modern formulations of Advaita Vedanta, such as with Vivekananda, or following him, Radhakrishnan or closer to the present, Chinmayananda. An inclusivistic Neo-Vedanta would make the Enlightenment claims of absolute Knowledge for itself by “including” all other descriptions of Reality under it. Modern Indian Neo-Vedanta does this, in fact, by fielding the schools of devotion, will, etc. as stages or rungs of a journey leading to the experience and description of an illusionistic Adwaita Vedanta. In fact, this approach was already adopted by Shankara and the modern version of this is merely a re-working of an old thesis in updated terms. Looked at from this viewpoint, Hindutva can be seen as deriving its power of integration from an inclusivistic version of Adwaita Vedanta, as formulated by Chinmayananda, the founder-figure of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). The problem with this formulation is its insidious subordination of philosophies and experiential/transformational approaches other than its own, based on the priority of a mental or ideological principle. 

Sri Aurobindo provides an alternate solution to this implicit seeking for integrality under the universalist drive of Enlightenment epistemology and teleology. This is the basis of Sri Aurobindo’s darshana, what has been called Purnaadvaita Vedanta or Integral Non-Dualism and expressed in his magnum opus, The Life Divine. According to this, the three streams of darshana and yoga, as possibilities of consciousness and experience are co-existent in the Vedanta as conterminous and convergent realties. This is a description which transcends Mind. Mental existence seeks for mutually contradictory realities to be distinct, with only one description which can be absolute and true while the rest must be relative or false. Pre-modern formulations of darshana have relativized these three distinct descriptions of Reality, nominally asserting each to be absolute for the purposes of experience through its corresponding yoga. Modern Neo-Vedanta asserts Advaita Vedanta to be absolute and true, the other darshanas and yogas to be relative phenomenological stages towards its achievement. It is only thus that a description of Reality can be valid to the mind. But one may conceive of an organ of Knowledge in which multiple descriptions of Reality can all be equally true and simultaneous experiences. This is what Sri Aurobindo calls Supermind.  With Sri Aurobindo, we find the positing of this organ of experience and Knowledge, something which can hold these different possibilities of experience together – the transcendental, the universal, the individual as three simultaneous poises of the supramental existence. We may extend this idea beyond the cultural boundaries of Indian epistemological discourse and see all spiritual disciplines and/or religions of the world in terms of a convergent pluralism when seen thus. However, it is important to realize that this is not the convergence in a new religious or ideological principle which seeks to supplant all previous religions in its superior totalistic truth-claim of integrality. This openness to a rupture beyond rational predictability or assimilability into the terms of mentally bound human experience is critical to any formulation of an Integral Yoga Philosophy or an Integral Psychology. The unspeakable dimension of the culminating possibility of an Integral Psychology must be acknowledged and not reified into discourse as dictated by the disciplinary and regulatory requirements of the modern Knowledge Academy or the ideological nation-state. In terms of yoga, this requires of any spiritual approach to admit of an integral status of experience in which its own reality overpasses its reasonable or interpretable limits, into a supramental experience without subordinating or supplanting any other approach but rather discovering its identity with them beyond Mind. 

This is what makes for the integrality of the Integral Yoga. We may say that this is also the truth which  answers also to the aspiration of the early 18th century European notion of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment is the full experience of integrality and the release that comes from this. If our intuition of integrality is true, it can only be in an experienceable reality beyond Mind, to be had in its fullness in a Supermind. This is the other daunting aspect of what we might call an integral psychology, that we have to recognize. Once we recognize this, we see then that the possibility of a perfected life on earth becomes a part of yoga. It becomes a part of yoga because the bringing down of this kind of possibility makes the world a field of perfection, because a field of integrality - ‘only Thou in essence and in manifestation’ as we contemplated at the beginning of our present consideration. We will then need to look at this field of humanity, this field of the earth not as western science has structured it, not in terms of the relations, the roles that we play as specialized experts of various kinds who have come out of institutions with higher educational or terminal degrees and book knowledge, some unqualified amount of relative experience and consciousness, and who presume, on that basis, to “help others” through a posture of superior knowledge.

The oneness consciousness is not something which is mediated through hierarchy and through economics. The oneness consciousness has to be experienced and can only be given to those who are ready for the experience. This does not mean that what psychologists/psychotherapists do is irrelevant. But if we are to arrive at a legitimate description for the scope and field, the disciplinary boundaries and legitimate applicability of a postmodern discipline of Integral Psychology, we must establish new conditions for its discursivity. When we talk about Integral Psychology, it is necessary to see the totality of what it holds as its possibility. As someone who opened up the possibility for such a supramental discourse and praxis and provided his own general description of integral consciousness and the means to its realization, Sri Aurobindo can be seen as the founding figure of this discipline. But perhaps, if the discipline is to develop its own corpus of verifiable experiences and descriptions, it must open itself to a variety of cultural formulations and their dialog of mutual translatability and irreducibility.  Science aims at a universal description, a value-neutral and culture-neutral languaging which can assimilate all possible specific expressions into its vocabulary and syntax. We may think of the vocabulary and usage of the Integral Yoga given by Sri Aurobindo and the Mother as an attempt at such a universal description of integral human subjectivity and the way to its attainment. But freedom from value and culture, which develop inevitable orthodoxies over time, would necessitate the generation of new descriptions, interpretations, translations and dialogic encounters which arise from continuously renewed attempts at the formulation of such a discipline seen through the perspectives of individual subjectivities, whether utilizing partially, entirely, or not at all, already established systems of expression.

Experience of Integrality in Integral Psychology
Now, to move to the question of human accessibility to the integral consciousness, we need to ask whether, apart from specific instances of the numinous, which can be compared/contrasted, there is any direct consciousness within human access which can be considered integral. When we consider the sources of integrality in Sri Aurobindo’s teaching, we see that he has explicated not only this vast, distant and supreme source of Supermind, he has also opened an inner possibility of integral consciousness, not directly theorized in the traditional yogas or other spiritual disciplines. This is the psychic being. In Sri Aurobindo and the Mother’s teaching, we can find two approaches to integrality, one within and one above. Undoubtedly, the single root of integrality in the Integral Yoga is the Supermind above, but the psychic being, within, too has its own power of integrality as a primary key to transformation of consciousness. Interestingly, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother teach that we have some access to each of these.

Firstly, the psychic being: The psychic being is the soul personality or what may be called the true person, the source of the sense of personhood within the human being. Many spiritual paths have talked of or dealt with the soul, but the fullness of treatment and description of development, content, function and purpose of the psychic being in the human subjectivity theorized by Sri Aurobindo is unprecedented. To recognize the inner door to integrality represented by the psychic being, we need to first recognize that consciousness is of many forms and modalities. In the hegemonic modern definition of “consciousness,” we think of it as rationality, but consciousness is of a variety of kinds, all different from one another. The human being carries within him/her the marks of a discontinuous evolution of consciousness on earth through matter, plant, animal and human expressions, and their characteristic modalities of respective consciousness – material, vital and mental. Mental consciousness is different from vital or material consciousness, vital consciousness is different from mental or physical consciousness; they don’t understand each other. Within the human being all these modes of consciousness co-exist. Even in common parlance, this is acknowledged in calling man a “rational animal.” Our body consciousness is a kind of living matter with its own consciousness, we carry in ourselves the animal consciousness of sensational or brutish drives for possession and enjoyment, or of more refined feelings, sentiments and aspirations which constitute our vital existence; and we are also reasoning beings who can seek disinterestedly for the meanings and causes of things. Yet all these aspects of our life are separate and independent. They co-create through cooperation and competition what we experience as ourselves. The mind can justify the desires of the life force or curb them with its own moral preferences and ideologies. We can spend our whole life trying to police the vital with our minds, and in fact, “civilization” can be read as a long history of that kind. But it doesn’t serve any real purpose. All it does is suppress the vital.

How then can we bridge these differences, how can we arrive at an integrality of consciousness? We can come to integrality at the human level through integrating all the varieties of consciousness within us around the psychic being. The reason this is possible is because the psychic is consciousness itself. The psychic is not a kind of consciousness that is different from other consciousness modalities and thus cannot understand them. The substance constituting the psychic can be thought of as the most basic and primordial form of consciousness, which can modulate itself into all the other modalities. There can thus be a psychic mentality, a psychic vitality, a psychic physicality. The psychic being can psychicise the mind, psychicise the vital, psychicise the physical. The psychic being is a portion of pure consciousness that comes out of the original Consciousness Force, what in yogic terminology is referred to as chit-shakti, and what Sri Aurobindo also calls the Mother - the consciousness body of the Mother planted in each of us. Therefore, when we talk about integrality at this human level, we cannot talk about it without acknowledging the psychic being and again giving it that place of priority in our alternate science of human subjectivity, Integral Psychology.

To talk about theorizing the psychic being, we must yet realize that the psychic being is not a theoretical construct, nor is it something accessible selectively as a quality of the subjective life. It is a distinct reality that can be experienced and its experience as a reality makes possible the beginnings of what one might call the psychic integration. There can be experiences of psychic influence in one’s life, but until there is a true opening of the psychic being and an experience of the psychic as an independent reality of consciousness different from mind, life and body, one can’t really talk about integrality, the cornerstone of Integral Psychology in any authoritative way. This, again, implies a rupture in experience, something which does not lend itself to assimilation or translation. The incessant repetition of the term “psychic being” in Integral Yoga or Integral Psychology or Integral Theory, like that of the term “Supermind” has a desensitizing effect, not too dissimilar from the bombardment of the mind and senses with  images of sex, violence and death transmitted universally in contemporary media. Its effect is to render these experiences in domesticated terms, as imagined and surrogate realities through which a social world can be structured and ordered morally and ideologically. An Integral Psychology which seeks to hold its ground of truth must be conscious of this unavoidable pressure and find ways to evade the appropriation of experience by the will to power posing as knowledge or truth.

Finally, we may consider what access we have to the original source of integrality according to Sri Aurobindo - the supramental consciousness. It seems very distant to us. But it is necessary to address this in some way in theory and practice if one wishes to approach integrality. What I wish to posit here is its accessibility at our level of humanity. Deriving from Sri Aurobindo, we may say, it is accessible as the Mother, because the Mother is the consciousness and force of the Supermind present in the Ignorance and embodies that integrality, which we can never arrive at in our foundational ignorance. Thus we can invoke this integrality through our surrender to the Mother. It can enter actively as a power in our lives, it can organize our thoughts and expressions, it can lay out the steps and the directions that lead us imperceptibly towards the knowledge that we call the Supramental, towards its experience; and as we proceed, our perception, our seeing , darshana, becomes more and more integral. It is perhaps the most difficult thing to theorize, because it is the Name in which the most rampant falsehoods may be authorized; but that also needs to be accepted as a pillar of what one might call Integral Psychology. It is here that the equivalence or even transcendence of Truth as Person over Truth as Principle presents itself to us. What is beyond the Mind may yet be intimate to our relationship; yet such relationship cannot be allowed to speak in generalities outside of personal experience. The Mother as supramental Shakti in an Integral Psychology is best described first and foremost in terms of negative theology. It is what is illegitimate to assert about her and in her name that concerns us foremost. Yet a corpus of collective experience in an Integral Psychology about what is possible and how, cannot but speak of her and must find the languages to do so. These languages may be impersonal, personal but ahistorical or personal and historical or all of these (as in Sri Aurobindo’s own case, in his varied narrations). But without this attempt, the formulation of an Integral Psychology will remain impractical and incomplete as a core possibility within the (post)-human.

 

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Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Education in Contemporary Higher Education

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Sri Aurobindo's Integral Education in Contemporary Higher Education

Originally posted on sciy.org by Debashish Banerji on Mon 20 Jul 2009 09:00 AM PDT  

SRI AUROBINDO’S INTEGRAL EDUCATION
IN CONTEMPORARY HIGHER EDUCATION

Debashish Banerji

I – Theory of Integral Education
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950) was a modern Indian philosopher (rishi) and spiritual personality (yogi) who practiced and taught a Neo-Vedantic system of spiritual discipline which he termed Integral Yoga. The goal of this discipline could be thought of as an attempt to integrate the discontinuous and fragmented human personality and to exceed it through spiritual union with a higher universal and transcendental consciousness. In his words: “Man is there to affirm himself in this universe, that is his first business, but also to evolve and finally to exceed himself: he has to change his partial being into a complete being, his partial consciousness into an integral consciousness.”  As may be inferred from his universalistic use of the term “man,” Sri Aurobindo did not see this goal as merely an individual one, but one which pertained to the human species. Any individual effort and achievement of an integral consciousness, needs thus to be seen in the context of a social transformation, not merely as an esoteric practice and fulfillment.

Integral Yoga and Integral Education
Thus Sri Aurobindo envisages the goal of human becoming as a transformed society and civilization based on the expressions of an integral consciousness. However, in keeping with the collective dimension of this goal, a transformed society was envisaged by him not merely as the end result of individual transformations, but as the dynamically transforming life-context or field which would allow and facilitate individual transformation. Seen from this standpoint, the social discipline of education, meant to “socialize,” “in-form” and inculcate the cultural, knowledge and epistemological skills of the social habitus for individual engagement takes on a changed meaning related to a new phenomenology, epistemology and teleology of human and social becoming. Integral Education then becomes a socially acknowledged and authorized praxis of the Integral Yoga or at least the pedagogical condition for its social possibility and collective transformation.

In terms of his personal experience of higher education, Sri Aurobindo came into contact with the pedagogical structure and methodology practiced at Cambridge University, England, where he took his Tripos in the Classics. Later, in India, he taught and served as Vice-Principal at the Baroda College (1899-1906) and was the Principal of the Bengal National College (1906-07). His writings on education appeared mostly as articles in the Bengali nationalist paper Karmayogin (1909-10) and in the serialized journal Arya (1920). The term Integral Education, in the context of Sri Aurobindo’s teaching, was used by his spiritual collaborator, the Mother, in a message to the Indian Education Commission (1964) and there connoted an education which integrated Spirit and Matter, redressing the lop-sided materialistic basis of modern education.  The Mother’s directorship of the Sri Aurobindo International Centre for Education and her conversations and talks relating to the founding and operations of this institution along with Sri Auroboindo’s writings referred to above have become the bases for our present understanding of Integral Education and the principles for its implementation.

In a nutshell, Integral Education envisages an emphasis in the development of the faculties and inner psychological conditions of knowledge acquisition and expression and the development of the skills to engage with and transform society. The human personality is seen as a mental-vital-physical complex which needs integration around the soul or psychic being and this integrated instrument then put to the use of the Spiritual and Supramental consciousness. One may see this as identical in scope with the Integral Yoga, but attempted through the social facilitation process of education. The training of each of the parts of the being, as expressive instruments, with an emphasis on the emergence of the soul as the central evolving principle in human beings is the heart of this form of education. This is accomplished through an appropriate mentorship process, and through what has been termed a “free progress” system of individualized curriculum selection and self-paced learning.

Principles of a “True Education”
 The roots of Sri Aurobindo’s theory of Integral Education go back to his writings on national education in the first decade of the 20th c. The foundations of educational practice articulated by him during this period and seen as the cornerstone of his Integral Education by later proponents are what he calls the three principles of a true and living education. A perusal of these principles reveals the social and psychological bases of his conception. The first of these three principles is perhaps the most radical. It says: “The first principle of true teaching is that nothing can be taught.”  Here Sri Aurobindo presents the teacher’s role as that of a mentor helping the student to learn how to acquire knowledge for himself or herself. But what is more radical is that the source of knowledge is indicated as being “within” the student. The teacher should help the student to perfect his instruments of knowledge and show him how he can draw on this knowledge within at will, so it can be “habituated to rise to the surface.”  A few questions rise immediately from the statement of this principle: What is the nature or mode of this knowledge? What are the instruments of knowledge? What is the inner location of knowledge and what is the process by which it is acquired?

Phenomenology of Non-Dualism
The Vedantic basis of this theory of knowledge is easy to discern. By the time Sri Aurobindo was writing these nationalistic articles on education, he had already passed through major ontological shifts which may be characterized as spiritual and cosmic. Thus he was familiar in more than a theoretical way with the Upanishadic difference between Knowledge (Vidya) and Ignorance (Avidya) or between “higher” (para) and “lower” (apara) forms of knowledge. These distinctions are central to the epistemology of the Upanishads. They arise from a phenomenology of non-dualism as the foundation for “Knowledge” (Vidya), sometimes known as “higher knowledge” (para vidya) as opposed to the dualism of the “normal” human structure of knowing, which can only provide an indirect knowledge or a form of Ignorance (Avidya), also sometimes known in Vedantic literature as “lower knowledge” (apara vidya). Thus a normative distinction was established between two forms of knowledge and knowledge acquisition – one derived by mental processes acting on the evidence of the senses and the other acquired through identity of consciousness.

Sri Aurobindo would later characterize these forms of knowledge by their means of acquisition as knowledge by outer or “indirect contact” and “knowledge by identity.”  These have also been called forms of indirect and direct knowledge (paroksha and pratyaksha). In The Life Divine, where he presents this distinction, Sri Aurobindo introduces also a third and intermediate kind of knowledge, which he terms knowledge by inner or “direct contact.”  Evidently, the support for the statement that nothing can be taught comes from this distinction. Analogous to Plato’s understanding of human representation as one of “making copies of copies,” teaching in the established pedagogical sense, can be seen in this light to be a second level of indirection – representations and interpretations of a reality and its constituents that will remain in-themselves unknowable to us by dint of their ontologically transcendental status. 

To Enlightenment philosophers like Kant in the western academy, there was no alternative to this basis of knowledge. While acknowledging the unbridgeable division between subject and object that this implied, it affirmed the universality of human reason as the human property of making a reasonable home for itself and its kind in an unknowable world. But to Sri Aurobindo, there was an alternative. As part of the revisioning of a postcolonial India, Sri Aurobindo’s educational theory needs to be understood as a critique of the episteme of modernity based in an alternate Vedantic epistemology and personal experience affirming this cultural knowledge. And as befits the incipient globalism of (colonial) modernity, this critique is not innocent of its postcolonial intent being also a postmodern potential – a revisioning of the basis of “Enlightenment” in the Age of Enlightenment. Thus, Sri Aurobindo’s “nothing can be taught” addresses at once the hubris of colonialism, western civilizational superiority and its “white man’s burden” of “teaching” the non-western native the enlightened ways of reason; and its replacement by the Vedantic norm of acceptable knowledge as that alone which can be known by identity of consciousness from within.

The Sandilya Upanishad offers a statement of the ubiquity of this non-dual knowledge: yasmin vijnate sarvam idam vijnatam (that knowing which all this/here may be known).  Knowledge of Brahman through identity of consciousness is the knowledge of the One Reality without a second – that which knows all things as forms of itself. Thus acquisition of the double knowledge, para vidya, knowledge of the Brahman and apara vidya, knowledge of the world and its objects becomes a project reducible to a primary knowledge by identity of consciousness of Brahman and a secondary knowledge by extension of consciousness to the infinite forms or formulations of Brahman. This could also be called the primary root of integrality in Sri Aurobindo’s theory of Integral Education – identification in consciousness with the One Reality which knows itself and all things reductively as itself (adwaita) and non-reductively as forms of itself extended for relational enjoyment (dwaita). The simultaneity of these forms of knowledge as a mode of non-dual knowledge belongs to a Brahman-consciousness Sri Aurobindo would call the Supermind and equate with the plane of consciousness called vijnana in the Upanishads.

But though we may say this is the Vedantic basis or support for Sri Aurobindo’s statement that “nothing can be taught,” his explanation does not explicitly reference this basis. Instead, his language indicates a process of inner contact – something within which “awakens” and “rises to the surface.”  Such a process of transformation in the basis of knowing, implies a developed applied psychology, with its specialized vocabulary of the forms and instruments of knowledge and their relative qualities and valuation. Sri Aurobindo would later develop this theory of praxis, drawing on the terminology of different schools of Indian psychology and adding his own observations in the formulation of a phenomenology of transcendence. The elaboration of this theory is beyond the scope of this paper but for an approach to Integral Education, it may suffice to draw from this that its primary goal is a change in the form and source of knowledge and the method and instruments of its acquisition. Put simply, it implies a transition from the knowledge acquired by reasoning on the evidence of the senses and built piecemeal as an edifice of specialized interlocking systems (knowledge by indirect contact) to a non-dual and integral direct knowledge which is at once temporal and ahistorical (knowledge by identity) – through a process of transformation mediated by a stabilization of forms of intuitive knowledge (knowledge by inner contact). What are these forms of intuitive knowledge and how can they be fostered? We can see a more complete development of this question in the educational teachings of the Mother, in her practical formulation for the Sri Aurobindo International Centre for Education (SAICE).

Immanent Roots of Integrality
Sri Aurobindo’s second principle of education addresses the internal or immanent roots of integrality. It says: “The second principle is that the mind has to be consulted in its growth.”  On the face of it, this looks like an obvious precept, which modern views of idealistic education and developmental psychology consider to be self-evident. But his description points to Vedantic roots once more. In his elaboration here: “To force the nature to abandon its own dharma is to do it permanent harm, mutilate its growth and deface its perfection. It is a selfish tyranny over a human soul and a wound to the nation…”  The use of the term dharma relates to the teaching of the Bhagavad Gita, as Sri Aurobindo knew and developed it both in his implication for the individual (swadharma) and the nation. Dharma is an ubiquitous term in the Gita, and in Sri Aurobindo’s interpretation, has to do less with duty and moral righteousness than with the dynamic principle of cosmic unity as it unfolds in every individualized consciousness. It is thus closely related to the notion of soul (as he states explicitly in the description) both of the individual and the nation. Once again, we see both the psychological and nationalist bases of Sri Aurobindo’s educational text and once again, this nationalism must be understood as an alternate cultural psychology presenting a transformative postcolonial and postmodern critique of colonialism and modernity. The consultation of the mind itself here implies an art of mentoring, where the various levels and forms of human consciousness are penetrated through dialogic engagement in an attempt to arrive at the irreducible kernel of personality, the true person within. The process of “consulting the mind” itself is thus not a static but a dynamic and transformative process, conducted through a desireless warmth and compassion in the teacher attempting to aid the inner integration and expression of the student’s drives for knowledge and experience through an insight of personal quintessence and proportional representation. Here, again, the forms of inner knowledge related to the soul come into question as in the previous principle.

In Sri Aurobindo and the Mother’s teaching, the soul or psychic being is the core of the human person, persisting from life to life and carrying in itself the law of personal expression. It is wrapped in the subtle forms of mental, vital and physical consciousness and expresses through these modalities in the human life. Each of these other sheaths of consciousness are independent and discontinuous in human beings, representing the evolutionary breaks in earthly consciousness – life appearing as a new principle with independent properties in matter and mind appearing as a further unprecedented principle in life. Each of these have their independent lives within us, with their own interests, preferences, priorities and forms of understanding. It is the soul or psychic being within which can integrate this inner psychology and utilize their specificities proportionately for the evolution of consciousness in the person. The psychic being is the evolving entity within the human, and the educational enterprise, from one angle, can be seen as the facilitation of the growth and expression of the psychic being in itself and through the instruments of mind, life and body.  The “consultation of the mind” thus aids in the development of a customized curriculum for the student, enabling the emergence of the soul and giving the proper proportionate emphases to the soul-qualities as expressed in the aspirations of the physical, vital (pertaining to emotion and will) and mental beings. It would also address the soul’s aspiration for universality experienced in a variety of specific ways as its doors of realization of spiritual consciousness.

Social and Cultural Foundations
But, as one can see in the nationalistic sensitivity of the statement, this principle addresses not only an ideal of psychological development based on a human soul essence but envisages a group or national soul as well. Today, following the excesses of nationalism in a post-World War II era, ideas such as that of nation soul are likely to look more suspicious than they would have in an era of anti-colonial resistance. Nevertheless, Sri Aurobindo’s idea of the nation soul needs to be understood not as a chauvinistic or ahistorical essence but more properly as a cultural palimpsest, an accumulated subjectivity forming the intimate discursive basis of a living culture and seeded with its invisible preferential forms and questions of communication, expression and growth.  The seemingly psychological bias of Integral Education here reveals its social and cultural foundations. To engage with the world from a culturally situated perspective is to preserve the living marks of cultural history, not necessarily as unchanged forms, but as creatively adapting choices. 

Sri Aurobindo’s third principle of education continues to address this socially constituted subject of education. It is also and perhaps more primarily, a statement of spiritual pragmatism. The principle states: “The third principle of education is to work from the near to the far, from that which is to that which shall be.”  The description addresses more explicitly the place of local and cultural traditions as educational groundings, skills and ideals with which to move towards universality. Just as the psychological transcendence of habitus is implied and indicated in the first and part of the second principles, the importance of cultural embeddedness is brought to the fore here. Our physical and a good part of our vital existence is formed through unconscious intangible assimilations of culture and habitus and the refinement and upliftment of these parts through exposure to ideals present within them is among the foundations of this aspect of education. However, the ability to have a part of the being which is not subject to parochialism and can creatively engage with wider cultural forms and ideals of a more universal kind is also part of this third principle, which acknowledges a progressive role in education. The vantage of a transcendent consciousness brought into engagement with a firmly acculturated tradition so as to subject it to transformative forces in keeping with the needs of historical advance, without compromising the highest ideals present in it, is the offering of this principle.

Vedantic Epistemology
Since the epistemology of Integral Education, in its holistic view of the human person and personality, addresses what it sees as distinct modalities of knowledge, in its curriculum, training and assessment, it would be fruitful to consider briefly the Vedantic and consciousness bases of these knowledge modalities. If, following Vedanta, Knowledge (Jnana) is the self-consciousness of infinite Conscious Being, in its active emergence into a manifest form of an interacting and evolving multiplicity, self-contained as space and ever-developing as time, stages and forms in the operation of this self-consciousness may be formulated. This is done in the Aitareya Upanishad, where the foundational and inexpressible knowledge as identity, Jnana, is expressed in the forms or stages of Vijnana, Prajnana, Samjnana and Aajnana.  In Sri Aurobindo’s interpretations of these terms, Vijnana refers to the self-consciousness of the One – a comprehensive knowledge; Prajnana refers to the knowledge of its parts in themselves and in their relations – an apprehensive knowledge; Samjnana refers to a knowledge of the essence of the One in its parts – a contactual knowledge; and Aajnana refers to a knowledge of control and unfoldment of the parts by the One – a practical knowledge.  Thus Vijnana can be thought of as the identification with Brahman in consciousness (yoga); Prajnana as the perception of Brahman in all things (darshana), Samjnana as the sense-experience of the Brahman (essence) in all things (ananda, bhava); and Aajnana as the will, instrumental knowledge, creative skill or technology of unfoldment of Brahman in all things (tapas, kaushalah).   This succession of knowledge modalities can also be seen as emergent and expressive grades in a manifestation of the inexpressible knowledge by identity – vijnana and prajnana as more properly the knowledge by the One of itself and of the Many; and samjnana and aajnana as more properly the knowledge by the Many of the One in itself and in the Many. According to Sri Aurobindo, these forms of knowledge co-exist in Supermind, the conceptive and creative faculty of Brahman for manifestation, and in all of them the knowledge of the Oneness of Brahman is primordially present, either as singular or as foreground or as background. This is the nature of Knowledge in the modality of manifestation known as the Knowledge (Vidya).

In the modality of manifestation in which we find ourselves, also known as the Ignorance (Avidya), these same forms and grades of knowledge are operational, but with the two differences: (1) they operate not in conjunction and unison but separately or independently; and (2) the knowledge of Oneness of Brahman is everywhere absent or suppressed and knowledge in all these four forms is that of the Many by the Many.  A little reflection will bring home the correspondences of these forms of knowledge in the human experience in the Ignorance. Firstly, Vijnana as the knowledge of identification with Brahman is absent. Next, Prajnana can be seen as external knowledge by observation and measurement (perception). Then, Samjnana can be understood as affective knowledge arising out of sense contact, or the knowledge of others attained through the experiences and apparatus of senses, sensations, feelings, moods, sentiments, emotions and affections, marked by the dualities of pleasure and pain, attraction and replusion. Finally, Aajnana can be seen as practical or technical knowledge, inclusive of the knowledge of will and skill. The identification of these forms of knowledge in the human being with the instrumental sheaths of mind (manah), life (pranah) and body (sharira) respectively can also be seen. Mental or cognitive knowledge would relate to prajnana; affective vital experience would relate to samjnana; and a knowledge operating in the physical domain, as skill in the body, will in the vital, and technical understanding of process and practice in the mind would relate to aajnana. As we have touched on earlier, Sri Aurobindo points out that the evolutionary discontinuities in the appearance of each of these modalities of consciousness on earth renders these forms of knowledge and experience distinct and independent in the human being. They are subject in their operation to the exclusivity of aims of their corresponding beings, the mental, vital and physical and suffer therefore from disunity of intent and interference or immixture of understanding.  The ultimate correction of these errors of knowledge in the Ignorance is only to be found by a discovery of and identification with the sources of these forms of knowledge in the Knowledge – ie. a dwelling in Supermind and conversion of the sheaths and instruments of knowledge to their supramental counterparts.  But this distant goal has to be approached through a gradual process of preparation by the third precept of Sri Aurobindo’s principles of teaching – i.e. moving from the near to the far. This would imply an attention to developing the factors lacking in these operational forms of knowledge – i.e. attempting to activate the root of knowledge by identity within these forms of separative knowledge; and attempting to discover a root of integrality which would harmonize the activities of these different modalities under a single intent and coordinated action. In Sri Aurobindo’s phenomenology, this root of integrality within us is the psychic being. In its emergence and occupation of a leading role in the human personality and life, a harmonious development of the different forms of knowledge, each in its dynamic and proportional development in the individual, becomes possible.  But even prior to this emergence, each of the independent beings in us, the mental, vital and physical, can receive its intimations from within in the form of intuitions of the inner or subliminal mental, vital or physical beings. A receptivity to and development of these intuitions of identity in the forms of psychic or spiritual knowledge then, would form the direction of training of the different instruments of human knowledge. This would form the development of the intermediate form of knowledge, knowledge by inner contact.

At the mental level – of prajnana, an openness to intuition to bring direct intimations of conclusions otherwise deduced from the evidence of the senses, could then form part of this training. In Science, it is known as a practical fact that hypothesis formation (and often leaps in deductive processes) is often arrived at by inexplicable and intuitive means. Similarly, in metaphysical thinking, large schema are often “seen” all at once in the minds of the philosophers who have made important contributions to our views of reality – and often worked out in their details afterwards. To be made aware of such processes and encouraged to apply them to cognitive thought would be an underlying approach to the method of mental education. Similarly, a vital education, would take up the life of the senses through the sublimation of the aesthetic sense and its development in the inner perception of forms of beauty and affective delight connecting us in all things to the self-existent and causeless Delight (ananda) of Brahman. In all contacts, the intuitional experience and articulation of degrees and varieties of the One Being of Love in the universe, veiled or unveiled, would be encouraged. In terms of will, an intuition of power in its works of production and organization in the world – not the animal instinct of personal survival and possession, but the intuition of the enhancement of unity and consciousness through works, would be the direction of the growth of this form of knowledge; and in terms of the body, an openness to physical intuition in its harmonious and healthy maintenance and instrumentality and in its instinctual skill in action, would form important elements of the progress of the physical being.


Integral Education and Mainstream Higher Education
In mainstream higher education, it is cognitive knowledge that is mainly addressed. In professional forms of higher education, such as engineering or business administration, we find some degree of practical knowledge, mostly oriented towards theoretical consideration, though contemporary business management schools have increasingly addressed other modalities of knowledge. In idealistic education and in postmodern critiques of contemporary civilization, this lopsided equation of education and even consciousness with rationality has been brought to the front. For example, thinkers such as Michel Foucault have called for an acknowledgement of different forms of rationality.  Contemporary workshops (mostly extra-curricular and professional) to enhance the health of different forms of knowing and an openness to intuition have been in the ascendant. A pluralist approach to knowledge, evidenced in the currency of such terms as multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence or social intelligence is growing in importance, though hardly yet mainstream in academia. On the other hand, contemporary globalism is best understood as a late-Enlightenment phenomenon in which a kind of omnipotence, omnipresence and omniscience has been achieved for humanity in general but at the cost of individual insignificance through the cascading torrent of technological progress. This has made for a civilizational crisis erupting from every direction – ecological, cultural and financial. In this volatile environment, fraught with danger, Sri Auorbindo’s revisionary approach to knowledge, its instruments, sources and forms of acquisition and establishment merit consideration, for the coherence and integrality of its vision and realization.

II - Integral Education: Its Original Implementation
In terms of the implementation of Integral Education, the original form was laid by the Mother and the founding teachers of the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education in the ashram at Pondicherry, India. The higher educational wing of this ashram, known as Knowledge, has attempted to give form to these ideas in terms of higher education. The salient features of these forms include a customized curriculum closely co-created through the interaction of the student with a mentor, attention paid to the physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual forms of consciousness and their growth and expression, and a facility for languages – both indigenous and international: most students know Sanskrit and at least one other Indian language plus English and French. The social location of this experiment in an ashram composed of residents practicing the Integral Yoga makes many features of the Integral Education practically effective. The teachers are familiar with the epistemology and terminology of Sri Aurobindo’s teaching as lived and experienced or at least intimately intuited realities and as aspects of their life practice, and translate these realities into education as part of a seamless habitus. Such a close community could run the danger of unconscious religious cultism in its pedagogy, and in spite of the Mother’s insistence on freedom of choice for the students, the conventionalized forms of address and practice relating to Sri Aurobindo, the Mother and the Integral Yoga, seem indeed to have subsumed the educational habitus. Moreover, the mentorship practice has not gone deep or far enough either in pushing the boundaries of the faculties of knowledge or of an integrally expressive engagement in the curriculum or of a penetrating and informed assimilation and questioning of tradition and its engagement with aspects of contemporary global culture or civilizational values and lifestyles.

Continuous Learning Habitus
Students entering this higher educational stage do so as part of an integrated program which begins at childhood, so that the principles of Integral Education have to be seen as a continuous application through school and in college. Thus, the development of the faculties of the mind, of concentration and reasoning and synthesizing ability, of the development of the imagination and the openness to inspiration and finally, of the replacement of the mental activity by intuitive sources of knowledge, are meant to be introduced at the school level. However, they could in general be given more importance or made an independent part of the education, since the critical transformation in the definition of knowledge in Sri Aurobindo’s teaching rests on this training. At the higher educational level, training of the mental faculties is assumed to have been achieved and generally not exercised in any principled manner. Though Sri Aurobindo, in his writings, outlines some methods of meditation and the Mother provides some guidelines on the ways in which the mental faculties may be developed, these have been left as general as possible, so that the inner process of learning in each student be given its full creative possibility as knowledge from within. But this then makes the mentorship process all the more critical and it is doubtful whether the isolated teaching community has risen to the occasion.

Given that all the teachers are practitioners of the Integral Yoga, the convergence of that practice with the mentorship process provides a greater likelihood of success in this area. The “free progress system” devised by the Mother is the structure through which students arrive at their curriculum for study in consultation with a mentor.  This process is initiated from the high school level and continues in higher education. “Classes” are usually conducted in an informal setting with the teacher surrounded by a small group of students interacting through an intimate dialogical participation. Evaluation of success in course completion is usually measured through student-chosen research projects. No degrees or certificates are provided at course or program completion, and a student is allowed to take his or her time to progress through the curriculum chosen. 

Integrality of the Curriculum
The question of the comprehensiveness or integrality of the curriculum needs next to be considered. Is the Integral Education being practiced at the Sri Auorbindo Ashram meeting in higher education its own set criteria for the development of the five areas of human consciousness – mental, vital, physical, psychic and spiritual? Are these being chosen for each student in keeping with the needs of the growth of the soul through these modalities? And is the curriculum sufficiently cognizant of the engagement of the individual with tradition on the one hand, and the concerns of a global modernity on the other? Again, the education of the five areas of consciousness begins from high school. In terms of content, mental education encompasses the areas of science, mathematics, philosophy and other cognitive disciplines. Vital education, in terms of skill and faculty development, concerns itself with the training of the senses, sensations, feelings and aesthetic judgments on the one hand and the development of character, will and practical effectiveness in work and organization on the other. In terms of content, this encompasses the areas of the creative arts – literature, art, music and theater and of history, biography, ethics, social and political theory and administration/management. All these fields of study are potentially represented in the ashram education at both elementary, secondary and post-secondary levels, but as mentioned before, their place in a student’s curriculum and specific  implementation is left to the mentor and the student. Here the role of the mentor cannot be over-emphasized. Unfortunately,  the ideal of “free progress” has become largely interpreted as a laissez-faire attitude towards students’ choices, which, without proper exposure and inspiration, tends to be determined by environmental conditionings. The extended community of the ashram could also be said to represent expertise in all these areas, but such expertise is hardly well utilized. At the practical and expressive level, the community life at the ashram provides ample opportunity for the expression and display of creativity and work/administrative skills through theater, art exhibitions, publications and collective work projects. Particularly in the arts and in physical culture, this has yielded an aspect of cultural interest, but this tends to exist in isolation without a sufficiently creative and critical acknowledgement of contemporary world culture.

Physical education, which is hardly addressed in traditional higher education, except as an extra-curricular activity, is among the exemplary contributions of Integral Education at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In one of his last writings, Sri Aurobindo draws out the importance of physical culture in an integral education.  In the far reaches of Sri Aurobindo’s yoga philosophy, the physical body is meant to be made fully conscious and awakened to its identity as a material form of divine consciousness, translating its eternity to immortality.  Physical education as part of an integral education is a preparation of the physical consciousness, enhancing its inner capacities for health, longevity, coordination, harmony, endurance, stamina, capacity for intensity of experience (dharana samarthyam) and the direct intuitive skill of a working physical instrument. Physical culture at the Sri Aurobindo ashram, in the form of a choice of exercises, group activities and sports is mandatory at all levels of education and is voluntarily continued by a large proportion of ashram residents well into advanced age. What is encouraged through the physical exercises is the recognition and cultivation of an independent consciousness of the body, a cultivation through awareness more than through an insistence on any particular form or tradition of physical culture. So, for example, though Indian hatha yoga has been known to have developed an approach to physical culture which enhances the limits of physical capacity in every way, this is not the only or even “suggested” form of physical culture at the ashram. People take their choice of calisthenics, long distance running and other individual activities along with coordinated group activities of a variety of forms.

The two other forms of education, special to the Integral Education at the ashram are Psychic Education and Spiritual Education. These are the forms meant specially to bring the individual directly into contact with an aspect of Vijnana (knowledge by identity), either as an immanent (psychic) or a transcendental and cosmic source (spirit). At the higher educational level, these forms are addressed mainly through a study of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother’s works on these forms of consciousness and comparative study, and contemplation of these teachings applied to one’s own life and experience. Again, a more systematic attention to addressing an understanding and experience of these forms of knowledge/consciousness can be facilitated than what is offered presently at the ashram. Sri Auorbindo’s works of darshanic phenomenology (The Life Divine) or of applied integral psychology (The Synthesis of Yoga) are introduced as texts, but seldom with a specialized consideration or application of the bases of a Vedantic epistemology or of the instruments of knowledge and their transformation. Moreover, at the higher educational level, cross-traditional and cross-epochal researches into spiritual experience and trans-egoic methods with a view to internal understanding and assimilation can be fruitfully facilitated.

Apart from these psychological bases of Integral Education, the question of curriculum must answer to what degree the content of the education addresses cultural knowledge of habitus and tradition and global forms of contemporary culture as forms of assimilation and critical engagement. As mentioned before, one powerful tool in this direction is the expanded language awareness within the ashram curriculum. For the most part, Science subjects are taught in French, while the Humanities are taught in English.  This makes for a cultural expansion through two of the major languages of modern Europe and with it, an enhanced appreciation of the different gifts of perception and expression held by these cultures. Along with this, most students learn Sanskrit, and through it, are exposed to the roots of ancient and medieval Indian culture. Finally, they are also encouraged to study formally their mother tongue or some other modern language of their liking. This helps both in an informed acceptance and appreciation of the ideals in one’s culture and in a universalization of one’s local cultural roots, bringing many of the unconscious assumptions of social behavior into awareness as choices. However, again, in this area, I feel the curriculum stays largely insulated from the problems of contemporary Indian or global culture. Though Sri Aurobindo’s profound works on social and political theory, The Human Cycle and The Ideal of Human Unity are taken up for study, the contemporary rethinking of civilization launched by postmodern and postcolonial thinkers is hardly brought into alignment or engagement with Sri Aurobindo’s vision and critical thinking, leaving it static and ahistorical in its reception and interpretation. The same can be said about the introduction to Indian culture and history, where a nationalistic idealism traces its continuity with early 20th c. approaches but ignores more contemporary cross-cultural or subaltern studies or critical historiographies opening vistas on the future.

Gurukula and the Role of the Teacher
In its implementation, as mentioned earlier, this model of education is highly dependent on a mentorship process. Of course, higher education in the modern academy also recognizes the need for customized mentorship, with its research guide and committee at the thesis or dissertation stage. But with Integral Education at the ashram, mentorship and personal awareness are the bases of the pedagogy, and determine the students’ curriculum planning and scheduling, assessment and determination of progress. In a way, this is a translation into a quasi-modern academic form of the pre-modern Indian gurukula, where the student stayed in the home of the teacher and was guided and taught through all aspects of daily living. The principle of pedagogy being primarily one of the integral development and expression of faculties and thus methodological, this closeness of relation with someone who has practiced and experienced the psychological bases of integral education, is indispensable. As mentioned above, at the ashram, this is possible, because it provides a habitus of residential practice, where the education merges seamlessly into individual and collective life. The relationship between student and mentor or student and teacher in the small groups which study together, is however, different from that of the unconditional obedience and surrender on the part of the student and the unquestioned privilege on the part of the guru demanded in the pre-modern gurukula. Student and teacher are related here more as a fraternity of co-travelers, sharing knowledge and experience in a process of mutual growth. The high teacher to student ratio is also made possible by the economics of the ashram, where teachers whose living needs are taken care of by the community, offer their educational services free of cost.  Thus, a translation of this model to settings other than that of a residential community committed exclusively to a change of consciousness and seeing education as part of the means to this end, poses serious difficulties which only implementation can measure in terms of success or failure. Again, though the factors mentioned above make the ashram habitus ideal for the social practice of Sri Aurobindo’s and the Mother’s Integral Education, the insular and insulated nature of such a setting tends to distance the faculty from contemporary currents in thinking, having an effect of making the courses anachronistic and ahistorical, thus diluting the potential for students emerging from such a system to become creative agents for civilizational change in the contemporary world. An informed critique of modernity and its discontents, of neo-liberalism, neo-colonialism, technology and culture, globalization or post-national capitalism, patriarchies, superpower politics and ecological imbalance in the light of the revolutionary vision and teaching of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother and the power to offer and shape solutions to the critical evolutionary crisis of our times is not much in evidence among the alumni of this institute.

III – Some Contemporary Attempts and Approximations

The California Institute of Integral Studies and Integral Theory
Outside of Pondicherry, numerous schools throughout India and some abroad today claim to follow the principles of Integral Education, attempting to replicate the principles and forms found in the school at the Sri Aurobindo ashram. However, implementation of Integral Education at the higher educational level is not easy to come across. An example worth considering by dint of its founder’s inspiration in the teaching of Sri Aurobindo and its explicit reference to integralism in its title, is the California Institute of Integral Studies at San Francisco (https://ciis.edu). Founded in 1968, this institute was shaped under the leadership of Haridas Chaudhuri, a disciple of Sri Aurobindo, and succeeded the American Academy of Asian Studies, co-founded by Chaudhuri in 1951. The Institute (CIIS) fields undergraduate and graduate programs under its two main schools of Professional Psychology and of Consciousness and Transformation. In its institutional description of the term “integral education” as implied in its title as a methodological focus, it mixes a large variety of definitions: (1) “a need to synthesize the fragmentary aspects of contemporary thought and culture into a meaningful whole;” (2) “a creative synthesis of the highest values of East and West;” (3) “encompass[ing] all aspects of learning: the intellectual, the experiential, and the applied;” (4) “integrat[ing] knowledge beyond the confines of traditional academic disciplines” – viz. “cultural diversity, multiple ways of knowing, spirituality, a sense of community, emancipatory ideals, and ecological sustainability;” (5) “connect[ing] the spiritual and practical dimensions of intellectual life;” (6) “integrat[ing] the wisdom traditions.”  While some of these definitions may be more properly called creative or synthetic, some spiritually universalist and others cross-cultural, a loose mapping of this locus to Sri Aurobindo’s foundations of integral education may be sensed. But no direct reference to an integral consciousness or knowledge and its forms, modalities and processes, as elucidated by Sri Aurobindo, whether psychological or social, is to be found here. The pedagogical bases of the institute are also largely mainstream, as in most institutes of higher learning. There is no demand on the faculty members to practice any alternate form of consciousness or knowledge acquisition or transformation or teach or foster any such methods or realizations. The model of the individual as an evolving soul with its nature sheaths and instruments is not explicitly affirmed, though a relative acceptance of a variety of psychological models including the Aurobindonian are to be found in some of its courses and programs. The cosmic extrapolation of this evolutionary perspective at the ecological and social level is also not directly assumed, though again a variety of evolutionary perspectives are not absent. All in all, the California Institute of Integral Studies may be seen as an interesting experiment providing an intermediate possibility of integralism located somewhere between contemporary social ethics, mind-body therapeutics and cultural/spiritual universalism. The possibility of the understanding, contemplation and practice of an Integral Philosophy and Psychology or a consciousness based theory of social and cultural critique and unity as taught by Sri Aurobindo is not absent in this mix, though rendered dilute and compromised by mixture with other relativist paradigms. Though interesting in its eclecticism and experimental creativity, a critique of this approach from the viewpoint of Sri Aurobindo’s teaching, would be that an integral consciousness and knowledge cannot be synthesized from relative and speculative perspectives with their roots in the Ignorance (avidya). An experiential foundation in an integral consciousness, as claimed by Sri Aurobindo and backgrounded by a history of Vedantic practice, can alone be the vantage (as in the image of the cosmic aswattha tree from the Gita with its roots above and branches below)  from which partial approaches can be put in place. To overcome this limitation, of course, is to challenge the very foundations of epistemology in the western academy, which is intrinsically relativist and lacks the history of social practice to accept an independent basis in Integral Knowledge. Postmodern critiques of modern pedagogy have made it possible to open up alternate epistemologies, including those based on phenomenologies of spiritual experience (darshan), what Michel Foucault has called ‘an insurrection of subjugated knowledges.’  From a certain viewpoint, instead of a rationally limited relativism, this implies a hyper-relativism, but one which allows for a staging and testing of various non-rational bases and claims for truth. The institutional bastions of educational standardization (e.g. accrediting agencies) are not likely to look kindly on theories and approaches which lack verifiability by reason, so within this disciplinary topography, the California Institute of Integral Studies may be seen as an institution of higher education which has certainly been active in pushing the boundaries of the modern academy in the direction of an Integral Education within permissible bounds. However, an important distinction and danger here should not be overlooked. Integral Education, as taught by Sri Aurobindo and the Mother, is envisaged as an aspect of culture serving a vision of consciousness change in the individual and society. As such, its method and content is meant to prepare for and subserve such a change of consciousness. In this, it follows a Vedantic cultural epistemology, where theory (darshana) cannot be separated from practice (yoga), and the former takes a supporting and clarifying role for the latter, which is considered primary. At the CIIS (and elsewhere in the modern academy, such as in the work of Ken Wilber), following an Aristotelian primacy of logocentrism, metaphysical edifices of “Integral Theory” with orthodox social potentialities are in the making. Such “theoretical” dogmas, of course, are not absent among the followers of Sri Aurobindo, but there this must be seen as aberrations of the intent of Integral Philosophy, which is best understood not as metaphysics but as a (supra-)rationally mediated phenomenology (darshan), companioning an Integral Yoga, not as a statement of social fundamentalism but as an orientation and instrument of discrimination and intuitive awakening in individual practice. If this includes a social dimension, it is clear that such a society must emerge intentionally through a collective accumulation of experience arising out of engagement with these texts and thus validating their “truth”, “universality” and ”freedom.”

Civilizational Imperative of Integral Education
To wrap up this discussion on contemporary implementations of Integral Education, I would like to touch on a higher educational endeavor which is in its formative stages as a further model for the future. This is also inspired by the educational philosophy and pedagogical intent and methods of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother and differs from the examples dealt with earlier, in being a distance learning school. Though this may make certain aspects of Integral Education, eg, the physical and the social/collective dimension harder to realize, it offers a greater reach and through a combination of onsite and online activities, facilitates in my belief, a more introspective and creative engagement with the educational contents. The term “integral” here is understood as (a) an integration of the personality; (b) an integration of modalities of knowledge; and (c) an integration of cultures.  The core offering in the initial phase will be a graduate program in Integral Culture, where students will choose a mix of courses representing cognitive, creative, ethical, administrative and hands-on (practicum) courses taken from the disciplines of Indian, postmodern and integral philosophy and  psychology, consciousness approaches to the creative arts, eco-communities and civilization studies. The majority of the teachers (facilitators) will be selected from practitioners of the Integral Yoga so that they may be able to share their experience of inner growth with the students and guide their inner and outer educational progress. The specific curriculum for a student will be arrived at through a process of mentorship and interaction between the student and a faculty member s/he develops a bond with and will take into account the student’s inner needs in terms of mental, vital, physical, psychic and spiritual growth. Courses on the yoga philosophy and psychology of Sri Aurobindo will include studies of the instruments and stages of knowledge and processes of transformation as well as of forms of consciousness and their progress. These understandings will be brought into a comparative frame with traditional spiritual paradigms as well as contemporary approaches to epistemology and transpersonal culture.  An orientation towards future society and civilizational ideals and values will be fostered through holistic studies in history, eco-communities, organizational development and through the acquisition of postmodern tools of analysis and critique. The program implementation will be largely through the use of an online classroom management system, allowing rapid interaction between students and facilitators and including teleconferencing. Assignments will be geared to an introspective assimilation of and identification with the ideas introduced by seeding course materials with reflective questions pertaining to one’s inner engagement with the material covered. This approach is modeled after the Vedantic learning progression of shravana (audition/reception), manana (reflection/contemplation) and nidhidhyasana (meditation/identification in consciousness) mediated by the facilitator/mentor. It is hoped that the accumulation of practice and expression arising from such processes of engagement will constitute a field and an archive of experience continuously deepening the inner contributions of education, both in terms of the sources and instruments of knowledge and in the power of individual and social transformation.

Conclusion: Integral Education and a Postsecular Social Consciousness
In conclusion, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother’s principles and implementations of Integral Education belong to a postsecular social consciousness which embraces a universal spirituality based on an integral model of reality and personality and an openness to a transformation in the source and instrumentation of human knowledge. It also envisages a transformed society with new ideals and goals leading towards an optimistic and holistic vision of the future based in experiences of relational and cosmic identity. This is fundamentally an optimistic vision, and in a time of global crisis, sectarian fundamentalism, techno-capitalistic conditioning and spiritual bankruptcy, an epic hopefulness in the human capacity to rise to its full potential of the stewardship of the earth and the ushering of an era of peace and harmony based in consciousness and creativity.

 

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Sri Aurobindo, India and Ideological Discourse

I

A Congeries of Religions

I would like to start our consideration with a reading from Sri Aurobindo, a passage from the Chapter “The Evolution of the Spiritual Man” in The Life Divine:

In India, we have seen, there has been a persistence of the original intuition and total movement of evolutionary Nature. For religion in India limited itself by no one creed or dogma; it not only admitted a vast number of different formulations, but contained successfully within itself all the elements that have grown up in the course of the evolution of religion and refused to ban or excise any: it developed occultism to its utmost limits, accepted spiritual philosophies of all kinds, followed to its highest, deepest or largest outcome every possible line of spiritual realisation, spiritual experience, spiritual self-discipline. Its method has been the method of evolutionary Nature herself, to allow all developments, all means of communication and action of the spirit upon the members, all ways of communion between man and the Supreme or Divine, to follow every possible way of advance to the goal and test it even to its extreme. All stages of spiritual evolution are there in man and each has to be allowed or provided with its means of approach to the spirit, an approach suited to its capacity, adhikāra. Even the primitive forms that survived were not banned but were lifted to a deeper significance, while still there was the pressure to the highest spiritual pinnacles in the rarest supreme ether. Even the exclusive credal type of religion was not itself excluded; provided its affinity to the general aim and principle was clear, it was admitted into the infinite variety of the general order. But this plasticity sought to support itself on a fixed religio-social system, which it permeated with the principle of a graded working out of the human nature turned at its height towards a supreme spiritual endeavour; this social fixity, which was perhaps necessary at one time for unity of life if not also as a settled and secure basis for the spiritual freedom, has been on one side a power for preservation but also the one obstacle to the native spirit of entire catholicity, an element of excessive crystallisation and restriction. A fixed basis may be indispensable, but if settled in essence, this also must be in its forms capable of plasticity, evolutionary change; it must be an order, but a growing order.

Nevertheless, the principle of this great and many-sided religious and spiritual evolution was sound, and by taking up in itself the whole of life and of human nature, by encouraging the growth of intellect and never opposing it or putting bounds to its freedom, but rather calling it in to the aid of the spiritual seeking, it prevented the conflict or the undue predominance which in the Occident led to the restriction and drying up of the religious instinct and the plunge into pure materialism and secularism. A method of this plastic and universal kind, admitting but exceeding all creeds and forms and allowing every kind of element, may have numerous consequences which might be objected to by the purist, but its great justifying result has been an unexampled multitudinous richness and a more than millennial persistence and impregnable durability, generality, universality, height, subtlety and many-sided wideness of spiritual attainment and seeking and endeavour. It is indeed only by such a catholicity and plasticity that the wider aim of the evolution can work itself out with any fullness. The individual demands from religion a door of opening into spiritual experience or a means of turning towards it, a communion with God or a definite light of guidance on the way, a promise of the hereafter or a means of a happier supraterrestrial future; these needs can be met on the narrower basis of credal belief and sectarian cult. But there is also the wider purpose of Nature to prepare and further the spiritual evolution in man and turn him into a spiritual being; religion serves her as a means for pointing his effort and his ideal in that direction and providing each one who is ready with the possibility of taking a step upon the way towards it. This end she serves by the immense variety of the cults she has created, some final, standardised and definitive, others more plastic, various and many-sided. A religion which is itself a congeries of religions and which at the same time provides each man with his own turn of inner experience, would be the most in consonance with this purpose of Nature: it would be a rich nursery of spiritual growth and flowering, a vast multiform school of the soul’s discipline, endeavour, self-realisation. Whatever errors Religion has committed, this is her function and her great and indispensable utility and service,—the holding up of this growing light of guidance on our way through the mind’s ignorance towards the Spirit’s complete consciousness and self-knowledge.

This passage deals with the life of religion in India as a plural field, as what Sri Aurobindo refers to as “a congeries of religions.” It is a culture of seeking, not a uniform religious body with fixed and rigid boundaries. Sri Aurobindo was writing this in the last years of his life. This passage comes from one of the six chapters added to The Life Divine towards the end of his life. One may say that Sri Aurobindo, at this point, is expressing his most comprehensive view of the field of spirituality and religion in India.

Co-optation
This passage is very important to acknowledge at the outset, because as time has passed, Sri Aurobindo has been increasingly marginalized or co-opted by a variety of mainstream discourses. He has been appropriated, for instance, by the Hindu right, along with Vivekananda. Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are now seen as the founding figures of what is known as Hindutva in India. And along with this, happily accepting this identification, the Marxist left has turned on Sri Aurobindo as one of its “whipping boys.” So Sri Aurobindo has increasingly been reduced to this image in modern and contemporary scholarship: either a champion, one of the founding figures or “mascots” of Hindutva, or “the whipping boy” of Indian Marxism.

Now both of these are gross reductions. Sri Aurobindo in fact, had socialistic leanings, though he was generally averse to any ideological labeling. Thus, when necessary, he contested authoritarianism in the practice of Socialism. He stood against both Stalinism and Maoist China as regimes creating political conditions which stifled the freedom of individual growth. Yet, he was definitely not in favor of a rampant capitalism, identifying it as “economic barbarism.” So there are grounds for constellating Sri Aurobindo with certain socialistic thinkers in terms of his intellectual preferences. As far as religion and spirituality are concerned, as clearly evidenced by the passage from The Life Divine, Sri Aurobindo was hardly a champion of any religious creed, attempting to cabin the approach to the Divine in terms of boundaries or a certain national history. In the passage of our consideration, he has very clearly conceptualized a field of plural religion and spiritual practice in premodern India.

However, he has been co-opted by the emergent political field of Hindutva in modern times. This has led to a certain perception of Sri Aurobindo in mainstream Indian discourse and among a large number of his Indian followers as the champion or founder of this unitarian definition of Hinduism.

This image has sought its support in certain texts of Sri Aurobindo. These are usually early nationalistic texts which have been taken out of context and interpreted in modern times according to prevalent discourses of nationalistic religion. But when we view these very texts in their historical context we become aware of the discourse to which they belong. It is important to acknowledge that discourse, because discourse is performative, our utterances enact certain positions in a cultural conversation and everything that we say occurs in an existing mindset, with a common language and a common understanding of words and ideas which allow for certain things to be said and certain things not to be said.

Colonial-National Interchange
In his early speeches and writings in India, Sri Aurobindo’s texts are part of a discourse which is known today as the colonial-national interchange. We know that Sri Aurobindo returned to India from England in 1893 and soon launched into an anti-colonial movement. This movement was part of a larger rethinking of colonialism. Sri Aurobindo’s writings do not appear out of the blue, he is not an isolated thinker. He enters into an existing cultural conversation that has a regional history of close to a hundred years before him, in what is today called the Bengal Renaissance. The cultural aspect of the Bengal Renaissance had been developing since the early 19th century and Sri Aurobindo entered into it in the first decade of the 20th c. He imbibed the discourse of the Bengal Renaissance and his language became part of its already existing rich language. And he provided his own answers to the internal conversation of the colonial-national interchange which framed that discourse.

In recent times, there has been an attempt to analyze this colonial-national interchange. Among the breakthrough texts that initiates this thinking is a book published in 1978 by Edward Said, a Palestinian writer, a text titled Orientalism. In this book, Said points out that the colonial gaze on colonized nations is one which construes the native as the “Other” of the materialist West, a romantic, spiritual, imagination-based being who cannot fully rise into intellectual discourse. As a result, on the one hand, he is glorified, valorized as a “noble savage,” and on the other hand, is thereby subordinated and suppressed, into the preserve of somebody who can be dominated, or of somebody who exists for the museological and touristic pleasure of the Western consumer.

This discourse has been further refined over time. Today we can say more clearly that there existed in the colonial national interchange four distinct discourses. These four discourses acted independently and in a braided fashion together, sometimes as an amalgam. These four discourses can be thought of as emerging out of the European Enlightenment. I would give them the names of Enlightenment Positivism, Positivist Racism, Romantic Oritentalism and Dialogic Orientalism.

The mainstream discourse of Positivism arising from Enlightenment Philosophy can be called Enlightenment Positivism. The faith at work here is that all human beings across the world are rational beings; that Reason, the ordering and logical principle in the cosmos, or what may more properly be called the Logos, is God; and that this divine rationality is ubiquitous among all human beings. There is no superior and inferior here, there may be variations in training, but if the training in reason and culture is provided, all human beings would become equally “civilized.” They become what we would today call “Enlightenment Men.”

This is the first overarching discourse of post-enlightenment colonialism. Positivism in this Enlightenment sense does not make any distinction between human beings, colonizer or colonized. It moves towards the equalization of the field. It is burdened by what it calls the ”white-man’s burden,” which it bears to bring the light of civilization to the brown, black, red and yellow peoples of the world. But nevertheless its motive is the equalization of the field of humanity in the name of a divine rationality. At the same time, it is a hegemonic definition of the field of Humanity. That which it considers human is what is normatively human; everything outside that is somehow not properly human. That which cannot fit its mould is exiled from the domain of the Human.

The second discourse is connected to the first. It may be called Positivist Racism. Positivist Racism also starts with the precept that Reason is the primary defining attribute of human beings. In this sense, it is also definitional in its approach to Humanity, but it construes non-White people, non Western people, as racially different and inferior. Non-Western people – we find here the invention of “the west” as a self-identifying civilizational essence tied to race and differentiated from “the east” or “the Orient”- just don’t have that definitional property of Reason to the degree required to be given entry into the club of Humanity. That is, the brown, black, red and yellow peoples of the world are “not quite/not white,” in Homi Bhabha’s celebrated description of the phenomenon. In other words, this is the basis of Apartheid, of races that cannot sufficiently measure up to the norm of Humanity, which is the privilege of Western White man.

In some form, both of these discourses are with us even today. They form the basis of what is known as neoliberal globalization, and within that paradigm, they constitute the behavior of the “first world” to the “third world.” The third world retains the character of somehow being the zone of “raw” or “uncooked” civilization, the site for the exploitation of material and human resources, of raw materials, unskilled labor or subjugated skills, what are today called “the cyber coolies” of the first world. And on the other hand, it provides the dumping ground of the first world’s toxic wastes, because it never can measure up to the fullness of humanity. The discourse of racism has been displaced into another discourse of subordination.

Along with these, almost as their necessary inverse, come two other discourses. They constitute the field of Orientalism. The first of these could be called Romantic Orientalism. This discourse starts by acknowledging the “Enlightened West” to be defined by Materialism, and then projects its Other, the domain of Romanticism and Spritituality onto the ”the Orient,” ie. the colonized. The colonized is that Other because s/he fills the lack of Euro-America, its lost spirituality, rejected because not a part of its definition of the Human. Thus the fascination of the Other as the romantic, exotic, primitive, spiritual native (in our case, Indian) characterizes Orientalism. But Orientalism is also conflicted. Just as the discourse of Positivism expresses itself as a binary, Orientalism also carries an internal conflict which divides it into two discourses. One of them is the mainstream Orientialist discourse, that so well brought out by Edward Said, which characterizes the Oriental or “non-Western” people as those who will remain and are meant to remain creatures of imagination and spirituality, never capable of political self-determination or rational epistemology. They are therefore, essentialized, subordinated, yet also therefore, always glorified, put on a pedestal, but only in a museological and touristic sense. They will thus remain the West’s living preserves of its own archaic race memory and anthropological proof of the evolutionary progress of its enlightened civilization, for the wonder, exploration, exploitation and enjoyment of its own citizens. So this is that third discourse, which I have termed Romantic Orientalism.

The fourth discourse is where some promise starts emerging. This is a variant of Romantic Orientalism, what may be termed Dialogic Orientalism. This is constituted by the awareness among those within the West who perceive the origin of the Other within their own culture, who believe that spirituality is part of the definition of the Human, which has been suppressed and neglected in the development of the progressive “logocentric” discourse of the Enlightenment. This anthropological deformation needs to be corrected. Engagement in dialogue with the living potential of that in non-western cultures can transform and enrich the world, and create a new future.

Nationalist Discourses
These four discourses find apposite halves or counterparts in the national discourse. Nationalism develops out of what has been termed interpellation. Interpellation means that one’s response is determined by the way in which one has been addressed. If someone calls another a “nigger,” there are four options of response available to him. One is to turn one’s back on the person and refuse to give an answer, in which case, one has targeted oneself to be marginalized and exterminated by the hegemonic discourse. One is put into a reservation and starved of resources until he disappears from the earth.

The second option is to respond by acceptance, that is, one responds by submission. One becomes the slave that he is being called. In our historical instance, by doing this one becomes a tamed subject of the ideological order of the Enlightenment, its world order. This is the world order determining our present epoch, what may be called the Modern. Modernity is another name for the omnipresent temporal order of the Enlightenment, the most systematic overarching ideology that is today encircling the globe. By accepting its interpellation, one is tamed into its order;. one becomes neoliberal globalization’s “third world.” In the colonial-national interchange, there will be nationalists happy to do exactly that, they will struggle to free the nation to play its competitive part in the triumphal progress of Enlightenment Man and Technological World. A good example of this kind of leader in Indian nationalism is Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, who set the nation on its neoliberal track, the nation that must modernize itself by privileging technological progress, and become, though nonaligned, a model third world nation. Of course, in this nationalist approach, there is a struggle against the strictly racial identification, but as I said earlier, under opposition, the Positivist Enlightenment discourse is only too happy to hide and displace its racialism onto the idea of “the third world.”

Romantic Orientalism is its own form of interpellation. The exotic, primitive or romantic “savage” here bares his predictable teeth and fangs, that is, in our case, when the person referred to as “nigger” reacts with blind hostility. He contests the identification through aggression. This defiance through aggression is also an acceptance of interpellation. In its reaction is an implied consent, a wholesale acceptance of the term, hand in glove, inevitably fitting into the label that one chooses to oppose. This indeed, is one of the ways by which the contemporary nationalist construct of Hindutva has formed itself. It has formed itself out of historical precedents of aggression against colonial oppression in the name of an essentalized Orientalist identification of Hinduism as a construct of Otherness.

The fourth form of interpellation is that, in the nationalist discourse, which corresponds to the Dialogic Orientalist in the colonizer. This is where one counters the identification as the “nigger,” through a dialogic critique of its causes and implications. In seeking out such a critique, the nationalist deconstructs the interpellation to reveal the roots of suppressed otherness in the colonizer. The romantic, the spiritual, the primitive is shown to lurk within the colonizer, just as the rational is no less present in the colonized. But leveling the ground thus does not lead merely to an acknowledgment of “sameness,” rather it opens up the possibility for alternate relations between what was privileged and what was subordinated in the psyche of the colonizer and the colonized, alternate forms of rationality and knowing, alternate notions of progress. It may also yield syncretic, hybrid or synthetic forms of culture, not merely cosmetic in scope but attesting to a transformed definition of Humanity. This mutually transformative dialogue leads to new possibilities for the future.

I would say that in early Indian nationalism, there occurred a bifurcation within the colonial-national interchange in which Sri Aurobindo found himself as a participant. This was a split between the first two and the latter two nationalist discourses, with each pair acting together in an amalgamated form. The first of these pairs became the political discourse of the Moderates, who accepted the colonial order and sought only constitutional change. The second pair operated as the Extremists, who openly declared the need for independence from the colonizer on the grounds of a cultural difference in being and becoming (swabhava and swadharma). The Extremists held all means, including violence to be legitimate to the attainment of this independence, but through their journalistic instruments, also opened a critical dialog which penetrated into the roots of colonial hubris within the bastion of Enlightenment ideology. Sri Aurobindo himself was among those who engineered this break, leading to a separation between the Moderates and the Extremists. He is one of the major figures who ensured this bifurcation.

It is important to observe here that though it split away from the Moderates, the Extremist discourse combined in itself the violent assertion of Otherness and the dialogic critique of modernity which characterize the second pair of nationalistic responses. Sri Aurobindo, as part of this Extermist discourse, was well aware of this braided or amalgamated action, and supported both approaches as necessary to the time and the goal of independence. He may have seen the need to affiliate himself with a more essentalized discourse of “Hindu India,” (what is now being called a strategic essentialism) because of the vitality that came from the combined effort of these two kinds of Nationalist discourse but he prioritized the critical approach, so that a dialogic understanding of cultural history and an acknowledgment of plurality were inserted into the identity of the emerging nation.

Nation souls and the Age of the World Picture
As may be expected, over time these two nationalist discourses have also bifurcated. This is an inevitable consequence of cultural historicity. Due to the ideological nature of modernity, its systemic ordering principle seeking to organize all humanity into a world schema – which is why Martin Heidegger refers to the modern age as the Age of the World Picture – it exercises its rationality through its ability to classify the world in terms of center and periphery, using taxonomic schemes which can slot all entities as identifiable essences. The modern academy and the nation state become two of its principal administrative instruments for achieving this – the first through the creation of internal identity and conscience and the second through its social or ethnographic accounting and disciplinary mechanisms. The essentialized construct of Hinduism which Sri Aurobindo clearly eschewed in the passage we read from The Life Divine slips unnoticeably into the Hindu’s sense of personal identity through such reductionist means. Add to this the aggressive reaction to this insistent Orientalist Western interpellation, and it is not too difficult to see how the first of the two latter Nationalist discourses develops into the dominant idea of Hindutva. Unfortunately, this construct is what is sweeping across the Indian nation at present posing as a majoritarian national identity and its shadow also hangs over the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. It is important to realize that this is hardly what Sri Aurobindo had in mind or what he opened up through his own nationalistic response to the interpellation of the Enlightenment.

 

II

G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) was among the most influential philosophers who gave the western world the metaphysics of modernity, not merely as a conceptual scheme, a cosmology, but as a philosophy of history. In this philosophy of history, Rationality (which he identified as Consciousness) is immanent in Matter and “evolves” into more conscious forms of itself through time. Human history is marked by this evolution, which proceeds through dialectical experiments of synthesizing opposites from culture to culture, moving from lesser to grander expressions of individualized rational choice. The modern Age of Enlightenment is witness to the culminating stage of this evolution, when European White Man, or more specifically, German Protestant Man, has achieved the highest pinnacle of Rationality. The experiments leading to syntheses are carried out by the Time Spirit, Zeitgeist, which chooses different peoples to embody one of its experiments. Once an experiment is over, the “race” chosen for this task remains fixed in its cultural expression of this level of synthesis. In this “white mythology,” Hegel gave some of the lowest levels of static existence to the “Oriental” peoples of India and China. In his description of these racial or national essences, Hegel used the term Volksgeist, spirit of the people. This can be seen as the root of the nation soul idea. Johann Herder (1744-1803), another German thinker and senior contemporary of Hegel, is usually credited with this idea, which goes to say that this idea of the nation soul arose in Germany as part of late Enlightenment metaphysics around the turn of the 18th/19th c. From here, it very quickly spread throughout Europe and served to justify the race idea in colonialism.

An important thing to bear in mind, is that 19th century Europe was shot through and through with the idea of this racial philosophy of history. The whole of the 19th century—today we may find it difficult to believe—but 19th century Europe was pervaded by the sense of racism. It wasn’t something exclusive to Germany. It was in England, it was all over Europe. There was a sense that the world is made up of races, and these races can be arranged in a classification scheme which represents them eternally in their essential truth in terms of a hierarchy of scale. It was this racial essence which stood largely behind the European idea of the nation. This was the discourse of Racist Enlightenment and it was the predominant discourse of colonialism.

Thus we can see that the idea of nation soul arises out of the discourse of the Enlightenment and its extension in colonialism. Sri Aurobindo, Vivekananda, and other thinkers of the Bengal Renaissance have subverted this colonial discourse by inserting a spiritual content into it. This is the dialogic response to the interpellation of racial colonialism, whether Positivist or Orientalist. This is the acceptance of the interpellated discourse which becomes transformed in the retelling. What was attempted by these Indian nationalist spiritual thinkers was the extension of an alternate discourse in the forms of the West. It appeared to be new, but it may be seen as a case of old wine in new bottles. It was the spiritual knowledge and experience of the colonized culture being crafted in the discourse of the colonizer. Along with a spiritual inflection to racial essence came a transformed content to the nation soul. Sri Aurobindo elaborated this content in many of his writings, but it found its fullest voice in the chapter titled “True and False Subjectivism” in The Human Cycle. Here he pointed out that each nation soul, like a human soul, was a differentiation of One Reality and recognized other such nation souls to be unique differentiations of the Same. He also saw these souls as not static but each evolving towards universality along a certain line or perspective of becoming.

Internal Dialogue
In considering Sri Aurobindo’s nationalism, the complex internal dialog between two forms of national discourse, the static and the transformative, I wish to read a passage from the celebrated Uttapara Speech. This is one of the texts oft quoted by proponents of Hindutva to demonstrate Sri Aurobindo’s advocacy for a Hindu nation. But such readings seldom look closely at the complexity of the text. These early nationalist tracts of Sri Aurobindo are particularly interesting due to their complexity and demand close reading. Only when read in its own complexity and in comparison with later texts written by him, do we arrive at a clearer feel for his position.

The Uttarpara Speech was delivered to a Hindu religious group in Bengal in 1909. Let us consider the concluding paragraphs from it. He starts by acknowledging the nature of the group he is addressing. “This then is what I have to say to you. The name of your society is Society for the Protection of Religion.” The Society for the Protection of Religion – even the choice of the group to address is an acceptance of mainstream Hindu religion as part of a nationalistic response. Thus, it draws on the solidarity of people who are trying to protect Hinduism as a religion, an essentialistic “Indian” identification, against its deformation or exclusion by the West.

Sri Aurobindo affirms the mission of this society: “Well, the protection of the religion, the protection and upraising before the world of the Hindu religion, that is the work before us.” This has the ring of a slogan, a collective mission. But he immediately interposes a question to problematize this assertion, to make the mind dwell on its complexity. “But what is the Hindu religion?” he asks.

What is the Hindu religion? What is this religion which we call Sanatan Dharma? Sanatan, eternal. It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it. Because it is in this peninsula that it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalyas.

In other words, its identification with a subcontinental culture arises merely by dint of the fact that it evolved here. This was its regional evolution’s stage, just as the marsupial evolved in Australia. The regional isolation of this peninsula allowed that cultural evolution a favorable site. He continues:

Because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages.

Here we find a change of tone, an appeal to the deep subjectivism of belonging. The language takes on a charged density. These are places where one witnesses a crossover from one discourse to another. But once again, he immediately questions the separative or privileging impulse. This is ubiquitous in Sri Aurobindo’s texts — no sooner does he allow a charged assertion to settle, than he turns to a different view, which may qualify or modify the assertion. He immediately disabuses the listener of the illusion of possession:

But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single country. It does not belong peculiarly and forever to a bounded part of the world.

Thus, those who purport to protect this religion are reminded that it does not belong in any exclusive sense to them or their nation, but to the world. He goes on to describe the characteristics of this religion in terms that make it clear that it is not what one usually thinks of as a religion, but rather a non-sectarian, universal and unitive spirituality:

That which we call the Hindu religion is really the eternal religion because it is the universal religion which embraces all others. If a religion is not universal, it cannot be eternal. A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy. It is the one religion which impresses on mankind the closeness of God to us, and embraces in its compass all the possible means by which man can approach God.

If we compare this passage with the one from the Life Divine with which we began our consideration, it is easy to see how this expands into that. Yet, if we did not conduct the kind of close reading of the rhetorical structure of the Uttarpara Speech, and we didn’t have the more philosophical articulation of the Life Divine, it isn’t difficult to see how this passage could be partially interpreted to be a definition of Hindutva.

It could also be taken to be the definition or apt illustration of a certain term that has entered contemporary Religious Studies – inclusivism. Inclusivism in the context of Indian studies is a term coined by Paul Hacker, and further extended by another modern Indologist, Wilhelm Halbfass, an erstwhile professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. According to Hacker, Hinduism is the inclusivistic religion par excellence, because it assimilates other religions and speaks for them. It co-opts and eradicates by inclusion rather than by exclusion. It claims to include Islam, include Christianity, etc. in that whatever these religions may affirm as their exclusive teaching, is preempted by Hinduism, which claims to already contain them. In Hacker’s opinion, Hinduism is even more pernicious than exclusivistic religions because it is inclusivistic, it always already speaks for the Other, it swallows all Others up.

Once again, due to the braided nature of discourse in the Uttarpara Speech, its universalistic description of Hinduism is liable to be taken as an illustration of inclusivism, were one to ignore its complexity or not put it beside the passage descriptive of the field of Indic spirituality from the Life Divine. In the latter instance, it is clear that what Sri Aurobindo refers to as the field of Hinduism is not an inclusivistic religion in this sense. Looked at in this light, in spite of his use of the phrase “including and anticipating” for the description of Hinduism in the Uttarpara Speech, we can say with confidence that what he holds out here as in The Life Divine, is the image of a plural religion, a culture of seeking, a culture of diverse approaches to the Divine.

Sri Aurobindo concludes the Uttarpara Speech by moving from his consideration of Hindu religion to talking about the nation, and to equating these two. Once more, the language gathers a charged density of mystic or prophetic emotion. He says:

This is the word that has been put into my mouth to speak to you today. What I had intended to speak has been put away from me, and beyond what is given to me I have nothing to say. It is only the word that is put into me that I can speak to you. The word is now finished. I spoke once before with this force in me, and I said then that this movement is not a political movement, and that nationalism is not politics but a religion, a creed, a faith. I say it again today, but I put it in another way. I say no longer that nationalism is a creed, a religion, a faith; I say that it is the sanatan dharma, which for us is nationalism. This Hindu nation was born with the sanatan dharma, with it it moves and with it it grows. When the sanatan dharma declines, then the nation declines. And if the sanatan dharma were capable of perishing, with the sanatan dharma it would perish. The sanatan dharma, that is nationalism.

Here Sri Aurobindo can be seen conflating this plural field of spiritual culture, with the nation soul. The idea of the nation soul, as we have seen already, is a kind of marriage between the ordering devices of the West, and the notion of the spiritual destiny of humanity that Sri Aurobindo inserts into the discourse of the Enlightenment. In other words, Sri Aurobindo’s nation soul subverts the order of the Enlightenment by claiming an evolving spiritual essence which modifies and supercedes the static essence of rationality emerging in the Western discourse.

Modernity and Social Discourse
If we wish to look deeper at Sri Aurobindo’s discussions of nation soul, we must turn to the Ideal of Human Unity. Here we find that nation soul as an essence, as something unborn, which always exists, which is ahistorical, is put side by side, and brought into contact, or into dialog with the idea of an evolving nation soul. The nation soul is not static, the nation soul is a cultural history evolving towards universality along with all other nations. In his telling in The Ideal of Human Unity, the nation soul emerges at a point of time through a variety of historical processes. These processes give full-blown form to an idea which backgrounds and characterizes the history of that emergence and its further development.

In looking at evolving nation souls in this fashion, Sri Aurobindo also envisages the future. The future of the world, the ordering ideology of modernity, or its teleology, is what Sri Aurobindo addresses in his own way in The Ideal of Human Unity. Here he envisages the telos, the goal of the evolution towards unity, as World Union; and he proposes two possibilities. One is that of the World State, and the other is that of the confederation of nations. Of these, it is the plural idea, that of the confederation of nations, that he prefers, because this is the idea that allows for cultural histories, for the evolution of consciousness in a variety of ways towards that which is infinite. The Infinite One, this is the definition of Spirit, Brahman. The Brahman is not the finite one, the one that can be put within walls. The Brahman is the infinite approach to the One, and the infinite expression of the One. That can only be achieved through plurality.

The nation, then, becomes an entity that he hopes, will enter into a plural confederation. But the nation itself is a plural state. Its nation soul is made up of a plurality of seeking, though united by some common concerns, and evolving towards universality. This idea again finds shape not in textual discourse, but in life, in living social discourse, in the social forms of community that Sri Aurobindo and the Mother envisaged and created. If we think of these forms, we realize that the forms Sri Aurobindo created, such as the ashram that grew up around him and the Mother, were not merely isolated social forms, founded for the development of his own spiritual path, but also part of the nationalist discourse. This national discourse, the discourse of community, is in its own way a challenge to or a part of the contention against modernity. Modernity with its homogenizing forces, with its ability to isolate and disperse populations across the globe is contested by alternate societies, alternate social forms, what today we call intentional communities. But the idea of the intentional community as an alternate form to the drive of modernity was part of the discourse of Indian nationalism, not only present before Sri Aurobindo but continuing after him. It is the idea of the spiritual community, the intentional community of Universal Man-making, Visva-Bharati, that was fielded by Rabindranath Tagore at Shantiniketan, for example, prior to the birth of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. Again, it is the idea of a spiritual community dedicated to truth and a simple life of offering to the Divine that was privileged by Gandhi in his vision of the postcolonial village, and in his own ashram at Sabarmati. It is this idea of spiritual community that takes a certain form with Sri Aurobindo, which is not a pre-modern form, but a postmodern form. That is something important we need to realize. It is the privileging of a communitarian social form but in a way which puts it into dialogue with the forces of modernity.

Thus, when we consider the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, we see that it inherits its foundations from the premodern form of the gurukula. But it also departs from many of the precepts of the gurukula. The tradition of the gurukula, was formed at least as far back as the 10th c. BCE in India, so as to afford the individual seeker a “shelter,” proximity to a realized teacher and a social habitus to pursue his or her spiritual journey under the ideology of the teaching. The collective life was structured to minimize social concerns and expression was kept to a minimum. Of course, as with all social structures, the gurukula has undergone various changes and variations through time and, in the form in which it comes to us in the modern era, is often marked by its inevitable shadows – its “sheltering” aspect becoming an enablement for stagnation, mediocrity and corruption, its requirement of unconditional surrender to the guru becoming the basis of an authoritarian hierarchy, and its impedance of social and creative expression becoming a source of pathological behaviors.

Dialogic Plural Communities
In the history of the development of his spiritual community, Sri Aurobindo took quite some time to overcome his ambivalence and discomfort with calling it an ashram. He finally settled for it because he could find no other extant term for what he wanted. But he tried in a variety of ways to redefine the social content and boundaries of the ashram idea for those who were interested in following his teachings or being the community’s members. As with his literary and polemical texts, the social text of his ashram must be understood as a dialogic form between premodern Indian and postmodern (even posthuman) international and utopian ideals, such as those of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, espoused in the French Revolution.

For one, the content he put into it made the idea of this new ashram into a field of expression in which all the activities of life could find representation. Again, though it stood, like a traditional gurukula, with a guru (or in this case, gurus) at its center, and as its center, this was understood as the foundation of a relationship in which the gurus existed to enable the freedom of their disciples at the Ashram. The law of the guru respected the law of becoming of the individual, helping him or her through guidance, encouragement, example and yogic force to grow into the realization of full freedom and delight which was the consciousness of the guru. In terms of the social form, Sri Aurobindo’s ideal, expressed in The Human Cycle, was one of a plural habitus evolving in spiritual freedom to the point where no external authority was needed, a condition of spiritual anarchy. Translated to the ashram, this meant an evolution of the social consciousness to a point where the guru within was active in individuals who needed no external control to express a perfect life of creative freedom and social harmony.

But such an enablement of freedom could not be one sided. It required an equally active participation of the disciple in the will to freedom. This is why, key to the discourse of the Ashram, is the notion, introduced by Sri Aurobindo, of the difference between a passive and an active surrender. Surrender to the guru is the keyword of any gurukula, it is the surrender to a figure who controls absolute power. But an active surrender implies a dialogic will, a conscious and dynamic acknowledgment of one’s own will to freedom of consciousness, constantly renewed in the act of surrender. This becomes the indispensable key to the enablement rather than the crippling of the will. Indeed, a central problem with many ashrams, and many intentional communities is that they become sites for the crippling of the will. Instead, the idea of an active surrender is one in which there is to be an enabling of every aspect of the will in its surrender, in its transpersonal growth facilitated by the guru. Everything in such an ashram is treated as an exchange causing growth of consciousness, causing flowering in a plural field, leading to states of increasing inner self-determination and spontaneous social harmony.

But if the necessity for the active surrender or the exchange of consciousness is absent on either side, whether in the disciple or the guru, one arrives instead at a stagnation of dependency and/or authoritarian domination. When instead of evolving towards a greater freedom of collective expression arising from inner union, a passive surrender in the disciples demands literal solutions to every trivial concern, the ashram devolves into a religious order or cult. Instead of a plural field of becoming and embodiment, it begins to be dominated by parasitic forces who erect an unreachable icon and a cultic practice and demand boons of mundane satisfaction from it. On the other hand, what responds to them is no longer the guru but a number of intermediate authorities who rise to take advantage of the need for displaced or surrogate responsibility. The light that leaned down from Above recedes and what is left in its place is a ground reality of the rhetoric and politics of authorization, the control of substitute authorities in place of the freedom and beauty of Love and the regime of Theology in the name of Knowledge.

It is important to ponder these possibilities in the ideal and life of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In the later years of her life, the Mother took this ideal a step closer to the world at large with the creation of Auroville. Among other things, the Mother may have responded to some of the shadows of the ashram idea in setting up an alternate social field for the practice of the same yoga. Here, she insisted, there was to be no religious worship and no hierarchic authority. It is the aspiration for Becoming, a growth of consciousness in individuals representing all forms of world culture, which alone would safeguard the progress to Unity and Harmony for this society. Thus, shorn of all premodern “Indian” formalisms, it represented a postmodern form, free of traditional commitments. But set up to be independent and in the proximity of the ashram, what Auroville also represented is an opportunity for a dialogue between premodern Indian forms of spiritual culture with a long cultural history and a new postmodern international form built purely on the foundation of a spiritual anthropology, an integral psychology for achieving the same goals. As we know from the history of these organizations, the possibility of that dialogue was sundered and remains largely unexplored. Today, the rise of Hindutva as an identity construct in India combined with the reduction of the Integral Yoga to little more than a Hindu devotional cult among many at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, threatens to define the tight boundaries of belonging and normative behavior in the originating social context which was conceived by its founders as a laboratory representative of humanity and a world transforming practice. With the departure of the Masters and the early generations of disciples who lived in their atmosphere of plastic wideness, depth and height – a culture which enabled individual interpretation, practice, expression and an increasing inner growth into Oneness – what has intervened is a field of ambitious leaders, mass conditioning, cultic identity and majoritarian justice. Today the social habitus necessary to the flowering of the Integral Yoga is in severe danger. It is time for all people of sincerity and aspiration, who have been touched by the light that Sri Aurobindo and the Mother brought to humankind, to introspect deeply and to rethink their choices, alignments, responsibilities and actions.


I have used the term “discourse” here in the sense given by the contemporary French thinker Michel Foucault (1926-1984). According to Foucault, a discourse may be thought of as a “system of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak.” (I. Lessa, 2006)

Sri Aurobindo, Chapter “The Evolution of the Spiritual Man,” The Life Divine, SABCL:19, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry, pp. 872-874.

Hindutva is a term coined by V.D. Savarkar (1883-1966) to refer to the ideology of Hindu nationalism. This ideology has been given a more concrete organized form in contemporary times by M.S. Golwalkar (1906-1973) and espoused by the “Sangh Parivar,” a family of socio-political organizations. In the public expression of its ideology, Hindutva claims to be based on “Integral Humanism” and “Cultural Nationalism,” following a unity-in-diversity idea. Such expressions however give the lie to its history of self-identification on the basis of a static understanding of Hinduism and religious opposition to non-Hindu sects, forms and practices.

See Peter Heehs, “The Uses of Sri Aurobindo: Mascot, Whipping-Boy or What?,” Postcolonial Studies 9 (June 2006): 151–64.

Homi Bhabha, “Of Mimicry and Man” in The Location of Culture, Routledge, Oxon and New York, 1994, 2005, 131.

I have adapted the term “interpellation” from the French Neo-Marxist philosopher, Louis Althusser (1918-1990). Althusser uses the term to describe the process by which an ideology addresses an individual thus effectively producing him or her as its subject.

Strategic essentialism is a term coined by literary critic and theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivack to refer to a strategy that nationalities, ethnic groups or minority groups can use to present themselves. It refers to the idea that it is sometimes advantageous for them to temporarily ‘essentialize’ themselves and bring forward their group identity in a simplified way to achieve certain goals. Spivack, “Criticism, feminism, and the institution,” interview with Elizabeth Gross, Thesis Eleven, 10/11, November/March: 1984-5, pp. 175-87

Martin Heidegger, “The Age of the World Picture” [1938] in William Lovitt (trans. & editor), The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, Harper Torchbooks, 1977, pp. 115-154.

Sri Aurobindo, Chapter “True and False Subjectivism,” The Human Cycle, Social and Political Thought, SABCL:15, pp. 37-47.

For instance, one may find a downloadable version of this text from the website “Hindutva Ebooks” (http://bharateeya.wordpress.com/2009/07/12/uttarpara-speech-sri-aurobindo/), where Sri Aurobindo is introduced as “a Hindu nationalist.”

Sri Aurobindo, Uttarpara Speech [1909] in Karmayogin, Political Writings and Speeches, SABCL:2, pp. 9-10.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Sri Aurobindo, Chapter “Summary and Conclusion,” The Ideal of Human Unity, Social and Political Thought, SABCL:15, pp. 548-555.

Sri Aurobindo, Chapter “The Group and the Individual,” The Human Cycle, Social and Political Thought, SABCL:15, p. 274.

For example: “Note that a tamasic surrender refusing to fulfill the conditions and calling on God to do everything and save one all the trouble and struggle is a deception and does not lead to freedom and perfection.” Sri Aurobindo, The Mother, SABCL:25, pg. 8. See also the earlier part of this section in Op. cit., pp. 4-5.

Raj Kahini – King Tales from Rajasthan

BAPPADITYA

As the years rolled on, the Rajput kings who followed Goho began mistreating the Bhils, till like a fire lit in dry grass which flares up suddenly towards the end, the anger of the Bhils became a forest fire which fanned out across the mountains.

For eight generations, the Bhils had quietly borne all the tyranny of the Rajput kings, reminding themselves in their times of sorrow of Goho’s sweet face, his indomitable courage, his limitless compassion. When some prince, out hunting for sport, would throw his spear at a Bhil who chanced unknowing by his path, the Bhil would look on his bleeding body and comfort himself with the thought of Goho and how the King had once saved his forefather from the claws of a tiger, and how he had wiped with his own hands the dark bleeding breast. When some pervert king would, on a whim, order village after village of the Bhils to be set on fire, the mountain-folk would recollect a time of great famine when their hunger-stricken forefathers were received with open arms into Goho’s palace and provided with food and grain throughout the year. When some cowardly Rajput prince, on being defeated in battle, would blame the Bhil soldiers calling them dissenters and unfaithful and ordering their heads to be crushed under elephants’ feet, the entire Bhil army would wipe their tears and think of Goho, and how he had tended them like a brother and protected them like a mother and led them like a brave in battle.

Through all the tyranny and all the insult of the Rajputs, the humble hearts of the Bhils clung on to the faith and belief in their rulers for eight generations. But then, Bappaditya’s father, Nagaditya, came to the throne. Nagaditya was not satisfied with burning villages of the poor Bhil peasants. He distributed thousands of Bhil girls as slaves to the Rajputs. He could not sleep without thinking up some new torture for the Bhils each day. And finally, when he passed a law barring the Bhils from hunting – the one sport they loved more dearly than their lives, the dams of their patience broke.

Nagaditya slept content after passing this law. He woke early next morning and looking out of his window, he thought to himself, “What a fine, cloudy day. A cool wind blows. There is no dust in the air – an ideal day for hunting.” Then he called for his hunting party, ordered his elephant to be saddled and set out for the forest. There were no Bhils with him that day – only Rajputs. Group after group of Rajputs on tall stately horses. It crossed the King’s mind that the Bhils in their homes would see the hunting-party and feel like caged cheetahs which thrash about, but can do nothing at the sight of prey. This thought gave the king immense pleasure and his cruel heart beamed with joy.

Sounding the great bugle, Nagaditya and his hunting party proceeded up the mountains. At the thunderous roar of the war-horn, buffaloes drinking at the lake would run, wild birds would leave their nests and fly, fear-blind deer would run into a waiting wall of hunters, sleeping lions would awake, and tigers would roar in reply. The hunters would chase buffaloes with spears, lions with scimitars. But today, Nagaditya blew his bugle till he was breathless; his men shouted till their throats were hoarse; but no flutter of birds’ wings, no scuffle of deer feet, not a single tiger’s roar disturbed the soundless sleep of the mountain.

Nagaditya’s eyes reddened with rage. He shouted to his men, “Turn the horses. The ungrateful Bhil subjects have chased all the animals to some other hill. Come let us proceed to the Bhil settlements. Let us hunt the beggars like animals in their villages.”

The king’s elephant, swaying its trunk, flapping its ears, turned around to face Idarpur. On its back, the howdah of gold and king’s seat of golden brocade glittered suddenly like a bed of diamonds. Around it, two hundred spear-tops flamed up lit by the morning sun. Nagaditya cried,”Move on!” Suddenly a deep growl shook the mountain and a black, panther-like figure leaped from the shadows and fell in front of the king’s elephant. With great joy, Nagaditya bent over readying his right arm to hurl his spear. But his spear remained in his hand. An enormous arrow, dressed in black hair, whizzed right through his chest. The tyrant Nagaditya fell dead, killed by a Bhil. Then thousands of black Bhils emerged from bushes and trees and fell on the Rajputs turning the mountain slopes red with their blood. Not a single Rajput was left alive.

Just one black mountain horse, saddled with gold brocade, sped through the swirling black sea of Bhil soldiers like a gust of storm-wind and disappeared in the direction of the king’s palace.

It was nearing evening. The queen of Rajputs, wife of Nagaditya, with her only child, the baby Bappa cradled in her arms stood on the roof of the royal palace at Idarpur. The evening breeze played with her hair as every now and then she turned to look in the direction of the mountain where her husband had gone. Suddenly, she saw a stir in the mountains. Soon there was a commotion, and then she spied the king’s black horse speeding like an arrow down the mountain path and moving towards the palace. Behind it, in thousands came the dark children of the dark mountain, some with spears, some with bows and arrows. She saw the gleaming white froth spilling off the black horse’s mouth like pearls in all directions. Blood issued from his heaving chest leaving a red trail on the dusty earth. Then she saw an arrow dart like a flame through the air and pierce the beautiful, arched, bow-like neck of the horse, forcing it down and pinning it to the ground. The horse fell with its face towards the palace, and struggled in the throes of death. Just then a heavy spear flew over the queen’s head and fell like a swooping eagle on the castle roof. The queen covered the sleeping Bappa with her shawl and ran down the stairs. All around she could hear the clang and clash of weapons and cries of battle. The sun descended behind the western ridge of the Maliya mountains.

A black night of terror engulfed the castle. A handful of Rajputs fought for their lives against thousands of Bhils, while in a dark lonely room, Nagaditya’s widow sat, clutching her child to her heart. Many a time she called out for her maids, anxious about her husband. Many a time she called out for the soldiers. But nobody seemed to hear her. Soldiers ran through her room, but paid her no heed. All were too busy with battle.

Then, after a long while, her heart palpitating, she covered the child with a camel-skin blanket and unlocked the huge sandalwood door of her inner room with a golden key. Pulling the door slightly ajar she peered outside – the night was dark, the castle was dark. She opened the door wider. Against the enormous stone walls the sandalwood doors with gleaming ivory carvings stood agape not a soul in sight, not a sound to be heard.

Holding Bappa in one hand and the bunch of golden keys in the other, the queen stood at the door. For a long time there was silence. Then suddenly, the sound of footsteps was heard in the dark. But this was not the crisp sound of a Rajput brave’s leather shoes, not the sweet tinkle of a royal maid’s anklet, not the clackety-clack of the seventy-five year old royal priest’s wooden sandals. This was a sneaky barefoot shuffle like the movement made by a thief or a snake. Fear grasped at the queen. The shuffling noise came closer – and soon the black demonic form of a Bhil warrior faced her! The queen asked, “Who are you? What do you want?” The Bhil warrior growled, “Know you not who I am? I am that broken-hearted Bhil whose daughter has been sent as a slave to the king of Chitor by your husband. What a great day of rejoicing it is! Today, these hands of mine have shot an arrow through Nagaditya’s heart. Today, these hands of mine shall tie Nagaditya’s widow and child with ropes and herd them to the Bhil settlement as slaves!’

Hearing this, the queen shivered from head to toe. “God, protect me!” she cried, and hurled the heavy bunch of keys at the Bhil’s forehead. With a scream of “Mother!”, the Bhil reeled and fell to the ground.

The queen clutched Bappa tightly to her breast and ran out of the castle. One half of her heart cried out for her lost husband, while the other half grew firm and aware as there awoke in it the mother’s protective instinct for her child.

The queen walked along the mountain path. The stone chips cut at her tender feet, her hands froze into nervelessness and darkness made her lose her path several times. But, somehow, each time she found her way and kept walking. Far, down the mountain path she walked. All sense of time was lost. She had only her numb feet to tell her that she had walked a long way. Yet, the path seemed to have no end. She trudged on through the vast star-lit night.

Then slowly, the dark skies lightened to dawn. A few houses belonging to Brahmins appeared, scattered on either side of the path. The queen then knew she was nearing Birnagar. Under a pale sky, the ice-cold mountain wind cutting into her flesh, at a time when even the birds were reluctant to awake from their nests, Nagaditya’s queen with child in arms, knocked at the door of a Brahmin’s home at Birnagar.

This was the house of Kamalabati. One day, eight generations ago, Shiladitya’s queen had trusted her new-born child Goho into the hands of this Kamalabati; and now ages later, Nagaditya’s queen put her son Bappa into the hands of the old royal priest, grandson of Kamalabati’s grandson, and then leaped into a flaming pyre.

The priest gave shelter to the prince that morning and in the evening, he gave shelter to a Bhil woman and her two little brothers. This was the woman whose forefather had drawn the blood-tilak on Goho’s head. In dire anger against the Rajputs and all who had anything to do with them, the rebel Bhils had burnt her home, and had banished her from the mountains along with her two brothers.

The Brahman priest left Birnagar with Bappaditya and the three Bhils, and lived for a little while in the fort of Bhadwir where there ruled a Bhil king of the Yadu dynasty. But here too, was the same fear that had tracked the old man from Birnagar – the fear that some Bhil might kill the motherless Rajput prince. The Brahmin had vowed to the queen to protect Bappa through all danger. So he left the land of the Bhils altogether and took residence in Nagendranagar.

Nagendranagar was a little town flanked on one side by the Trikut peaks which rose like three ocean waves, and on the other by the dark Parashar forest. Near the town, stood the palace of a Rajput king of the Solanki dynasty. The old Brahmin built his hut close to where the Brahmin community of Nagendranagar lay huddled.

Like a little family, the four of them lived. The Bhil woman would look after the chores of the house, and the prince Bappa would roam the fields and the forests with his Bhil brothers, Baliya and Deb. They would take the cows out grazing and would play all day long with the cowherds of the fields. The old Brahmin kept Bappa’s identity a secret. He made an amulet in which he wrote out the boy’s lineage and tied it around his neck.

He lived in constant fear that some Bhil recognizing Bappa might do him harm. But as the years passed and Bappa grew, the Brahmin’s fear gave way to a confidence and pride in the boy. Bounding up and down the mountains and running across the flat, open fields, Bappa’s body hardened till it grew tough as steel, till he could hold back an angry buffalo with his hands, till the simple cowherds, though they knew him not to be a prince by birth, revered him and served him as though he were their king.

As Bappa’s physical prowess grew, the Brahmin thought it fit to help him in the growth of his mind. Every evening, the old one would sit in his room with Bappa and tell him tales of the Maliya mountains. One by one he told him the tales – the story of the Bhil rebels, the story of Pushpabati, of Shiladitya, Goho and Mandulik. Listening to the stories, Bappa’s eyes would sometimes fill with tears; sometimes his face would be flushed; sometimes his body would shiver in fear. Every night, Bappa would dream of the stories – of the Sun mantra and of war; and when he awoke he would think to himself, “When will I be like the brave kings? When will I too, go to battle?”

Months passed like this. One day, in the month of Shravan, Bappaditya had set his cows to graze on the fresh, new-grown grass, and had gone wandering into the forest. It was Jhulon day, a day of great rejoicing for all Rajputs. On this day, many years ago, Radha and Krishna, the Divine Couple had played together on a swing in Brindavan. From early in the morning, the Rajputs of Nagendranagar, with friends and relatives set out for the palace of the Rajput King. A fair was held here every year on this day.

Bappa roamed the forest alone. His Bhil friends had called out to him, “Brother, won’t you come with us to the fair?” But Bappa had only shaken his head and said,”No, I shall not go.” Maybe, he thought, “I am fatherless, motherless, brotherless, sisterless – an orphan with no blood-relation in the world. Whose hand shall I hold to the fair? For what joy shall I go to the fair?”

But after Baliya and Deb had run laughing off, and after the sun had hidden its face behind clouds; after his only cow went grazing into the forests; and when he was left with only the murmur of leaves and the drone of crickets for company, then a great loneliness came upon him. He sat down with a heavy heart and played on a little bamboo flute, a mountain song he had heard on his Bhil sister’s lips. The forest-tune wove itself into the cloudy sky and the wet rain-wind and became a haunting lullaby that floated like a dream around Bappa. A vague memory seemed to return to him. There, towards the west, where the sun peeped in a golden line from under the clouds, where the black clouds were masked like rocks on a mountain: there he felt, there under the dark skies, he had a home. There on the roof of the house, in the light of the moon, he would toddle holding his mother’s hand. How beautiful was that house! How beautiful the rays of the moon! How beautiful the smile of his mother. There, little fawns would graze on the green grass; lush green parrots would sit on trees; bunches of flowers would bloom on the mountain. How sweet were the songs of the birds! How beautiful the colour of the flowers!

His eyes wet with tears, Bappa gazed at the clouds and played the Bhil melody on his bamboo flute. The deep and sad lament quivered and wept throughout the forest.

In the same forest, the daughter of the king, princess of the Solankis played with her friends. Hearing the soul stirring notes of the flute, she said “Listen, friends; the cowherd king plays his flute in the forest.” Her friends said, “Come, let us make ourselves a swing on the champa tree, and let us play the Jhulon game.”

But there was no rope for the swing. The forest was like the deep grove of Brindavan; the clouds rumbled; the sweet flute-song of the cowherd king sounded in the distant woods; the beautiful princess sat like Radha among her friends. Everything today was like the first Jhulon that Krishna played with Radha, ages ago in Brindavan. On such a day, a swing must be put up, thought the princess. She rested her cheek against her palm and thought deeply. Again, the same flute-note rang out like the song of a magic bird through the forest, flooding it with strangeness. The princess then loosened a bangle set with pearls from her wrist, and handed it to a friend. “Go”, she said, “give this to the cowherd boy and get some rope from him in exchange.” The friend of the princess found Bappa and said, “Can you give the princess some rope in exchange for this bangle?” Bappa laughed out loud. “Yes, I can,” he said, “If the princess marries me.”

That day, in the silent forest, prince Bappa slipped the pearl bangle onto the princess’s wrist, set up the swing on the champa tree, and sat down on it, holding the princess’s hand in his. The friends of the princess surrounded the couple on all sides and danced around the swing, singing the Jhulon song “How full of joy we are today! How full of joy we are today!”

Evening fell. The game ended. The princess returned back to her palace, married to a forest cowherd, and Bappa, sitting under the flowers of the champa tree gazed at the full moon and thought to himself, “How full of joy I am today!”

Suddenly, a gust of east wind flew westwards, making the champa leaves shiver and spreading the sweet smell of champa flowers in its wake. Two large drops of rain tumbled onto the green leaves of the champa tree. Bappa looked at the sky – a black cloud moved slowly eastwards, sometimes rumbling deeply, sometimes flashing silver. Bappa got up quickly. He remembered that he had to go home. His milk-white cow was still rambling the forest. Undoing the rope from the tree, he set out in search of his cow. In the forest night had fallen. Groups of fireflies looking for insects glowed like jewels on tree-tops and the sweet smell of wet earth wafted in the cool breeze. Among trees and bushes, Bappa searched for his white cow. Suddenly, behind a clump of bamboo, Bappa saw the seated figure of a rishi in meditation. In front of the sage, like Nandi, the devotee of Mahadeva, stood his cow. The white cow stood still over a white Shiva-lingam and thick rivulets of milk dripped like nectar down her udder onto the God’s head.

Bappa watched the spectacle with awe and wonder. Slowly, the eyelids of the Maharishi stirred, then gently opened like the petals of a lotus in the morning. The sage bowed before Mahadeva, and then cupping his palms, collected some of the offered milk and drank it. Then he turned towards Bappa and said, “Listen, son. I am the Maharishi Harit. I give to you my blessings. You shall live a long life. You shall be Emperor of the world. Today, I am very happy with the milk of your cow. It is the day of my Mahaprasthan. I shall dissolve into the Imperishable today. What more shall I give to you on this my last day? This is the scimitar of the Goddess Bhabani; this is an indestructible arrow. This scimitar can pierce mountains. This arrow can conquer the world. Take these. And son, take this white stone idol of the Lord Eklingaji. Pray to him always. From today, you shall be known as Eklinga-ka-deowan. All the kings of your dynasty shall rule under this title.” The yogi tied a sacred chord of leather around Bappa’s neck. Then he closed his eyes in Samadhi. Soon the power of Agni flamed through his pure body, reducing it to ashes. Bappa turned homewards with his cow in front, the scimitar at his waist, the arrow in one hand, the stone-idol held on his head. Overhead, the vast canopy of the sky rocked with white thunder, as though the gods, played on their drums.

It was nearing dawn. The revellers from Nagendranagar were returning home, tired at the end of the fair. Bappa walked back with those people.

A few days later, Bappa had to leave Nagendranagar. After the secret marriage of Bappa with the princess, a Brahmin came to the king from some distant land carrying a proposal for his daughter’s hand. That evening word spread through Nagendranagar that the Brahmin occultist had seen the princess’s palm and announced that she was already married to one from another country. The king’s agents were searching for this man. The king wanted his severed head. This news made Bappa restless. He spent the night in thought and made ready to leave next morning. He explained all to his foster-father, the eighty-five year old royal priest. Then he asked for his leave. “Father, let me go”, he said. “I have now grown up. Why should you fall into trouble for my sake?” The Brahmin replied, “Son, you do not know who you are. You are a Rajput prince. Your mother has left you in my charge. How shall I leave you alone in this world at your tender age?” Bappa pointed to his scimitar and his arrow. “Father, these will be my only friends and protectors in foreign lands; these, and the great Eklingaji.”

Then the Brahmin blessed Bappa, saying “Go, son. You are the child of a king. You have weapons befitting a king. Take my blessings – you shall be king of the world. If anybody asks for your identity, open the amulet which hangs around your neck. Let him see the name of the great throne on which your forefathers sat. Go, my son. May happiness be with you.”

Then, Bappa took leave of his Bhil sister, but this was more difficult. Shedding many tears, she said, “Bappare, if you must go take your two brothers Baliya and Deb with you. O, how my heart weeps to leave you alone in this world.” Then, she handed three burnt chappaties to each of the three boys and wiping her tears, bid them farewell.

Bappa entered the deep woods with Baliya and Deb. Enormous tree-trunks pushed towards the sky like huge stone pillars. Among these trees the three boys went. Bright peacock couples step-danced past them, lighting up the forest. They would wander past some enormous python deep-sleeping after a full-lamb feast. The roar of tigers shook the dumb darkness. The songs of birds wove moving melody. In places the gold sunshine rolled merrily on the grass; at places blue collyrium lined the musing depths of darkness. Through beauty and danger, the three moved on, fearless, Bappa leading the way with Babhani’s scimitar in his hand.

It took three days and three nights to cross the Parashar forests. The boys lived on one chappati a day. Then passing village after village, town after town, through rain and cold, Bappa reached Chitor, the capital of Mewar, the kingdom of Maan, ruler of the Maurya dynasty. When Bappa reached the city, arrangements were being made for war against the Muslims.

Arms, food and tents were being piled on to the backs of elephants, camels and cows. Water for drinking, ghee for cooking were being stored in large vats. Rajput soldiers with turbans on their heads and spears in their hands roamed the streets. The king’s agents nosed through the houses, smelling out Muslims. King Maan himself attended to the arrangements, flanked by his warrior chiefs. The entire city was teeming with noise and activity. Bappa had never seen so many people, so much hubbub, such a large city, such enormous stone houses. The houses in

Nagendranagar had mud walls, the temples in Nagendranagar were so small as compared to these! Bappa stood at a street corner and gazed all around in wonder. Baliya and Deb stood near him, staring at the elephants with their mouths agape. Suddenly King Maan rode into that street. The golden trappings on his regal white horse trailed down to the ground. The silver umbrella above his head shone so brightly that it dazzled the eyes. Two courtiers rode on his either side, fanning him with peacock feathers. Bappa thought “This is the right time to meet the King.”

He rushed immediately to the middle of the road, holding Baliya and Deb with his two hands. Then he bowed low before the King, touching Babhani’s scimitar to his forehead. King Maan asked, “Who are you? What do you want?” Bappa answered, “I am the son of a Rajput King. I seek protection and a rank befitting my ancestry from you.” The warrior-chiefs surrounding the king turned their faces and hid their laughter. “This beggar claims to be a king’s child!”, they thought. But King Maan, seeing Bappa’s strong body, his beautiful face, his arrow and his scimitar, realised that the lad was no ordinary beggar. He realised that God, in his great mercy had sent this brave warrior to him at this time of distress and danger.

Maan immediately took off the golden shawl from his back, and put it around Bappa. Then he ordered a black horse to be brought for the prince. Bappa said, “O King, please send for two more horses for my Bhil brothers.” Then when the horses came, Bappa, Baliya and Deb mounted. Bappa’s tall and enormous body towered from his chest upwards above the Rajput warriors like a huge mountain in the midst of a sea. The people on the streets looked at him and said, “here is a brave indeed. What a beautiful face, what a powerful body!” Greetings, hosannas, congratulations poured in from all sides. Only the warrior chiefs were unhappy. Behind smiling faces, they hid their anger and dissatisfaction at the king and the beggar boy with the king’s shawl on his back.

As the days passed, the king’s love for Bappa grew and along with it grew the jealous hatred of the warrior-chiefs. Finally came the day of the battle. That morning, all the chieftains surrounded King Maan and offered a challenge. “Great King”, they said, “we have fought many battles for you, staking our lives because you loved us, because you trusted us. Today you love us no more. You have placed an unknown beggar above us all. If Bappa is so near to your heart that you can forget us all, then what need have you for us? If Bappa be so great a warrior in your eyes, place him at the head of the army. You have seen our bravery in many a war. Let us see the bravery of the new chief.” Hearing these cruel words from the lips of his most trusted chiefs, King Man sat speechless, as though struck by lightning. Then the fifteen year old Bappa walked up to the centre of the huge hall. “Listen, O king. On this day of danger, on this day of battle, the foremost chiefs of your army have proclaimed, ‘Let Bappa lead the army.’ So be it. I am ready.” King Maan looked all around like a drowning man. Then, softly, he said, “So be it.” Then the shocked King staggered to his private chamber, supported by a servant, and Bappaditya set out to prepare for war.

The rebel chiefs lowered their heads in shame. They had never imagined that the fifteen-year old Bappa would take courage to lead the army. They thought he would be insulted in their midst in that hall. But when the brave lad accepted, fearlessly, with a smile on his lips, their challenge to lead the army in this great war, then they were filled with consternation. And even greater was their consternation, when one day Bappa marched back victorious into that crown of all Rajasthan, their beautiful city of Chitor. How great was the joy of all Rajasthan that day!

The day the new chief, Bappa, returned to Chitor, victorious against the terrible Mussalmans, that very day the old chiefs of Mewar left the king’s council. King Maan begged them to return, pleaded with them and even sent the royal Guru to call them back; but they were adamant. They sent word through a messenger”You have looked to our needs for many years, O king. For one year you shall not hear from us. Then you shall meet us in war on the battlefield.” How terrible was that year of truce! It was a year of cunning, ofbehind-the-curtain moves, of diabolic lies. At the end of that year, simple Bappaditya, misled by the dirty lies of the chiefs, marched at their head against king Maan, the king who had loved him with all his heart.

When Maan heard that Bappa had come at the head of his enemies to take his throne, he wept profusely. He thought of the day he had lifted the orphan from the dust, the day he had covered up the boy’s tattered rags with his shawl, and tears flowed freely from his eyes. The old king went to battle with his few loyal warriors. This was his last battle. He lost his life at the hands of Bappaditya.

Then the sixteen year old Bappa married the princess of Debbandar, took the title of Hindumukut, Hindusurjo, Rajguru and Chakuya, and sat on the throne at Chitor. Baliya and Deb, the Bhil brothers drew the blood-tilak on Bappa’s forehead, and were presented two villages. Bappa passed the order that all kings of his dynasty would have to wear the Raj-tilak at the hands of the descendants of Baliya and Deb before they could assume the throne. Bappa’s subjects thought this was some new whim of the new ruler but the court pundits wondered, “Is this some descendant of Prince Goho? Only Surya dynasty kings are known to follow this custom. Is this then that Bappa, son of Nagaditya, nephew of Maan? Has he then murdered his own uncle, his mother’s brother, in greed for a throne? Shame, shame on the king! It is sacrilege to live in the kingdom of such a man!”

One by one all the pundits left Chitor and settled in other lands. If only they knew that Bappa was completely blameless. Bappa hadn’t known that Maan was his uncle! He had heard all the stories of his ancestors from his foster-father, but little did he know that he was the son of that Nagaditya, that cruel tormentor of the Bhils. Bappa had thought that he was the son of some petty Rajput ruler.

When king Bappa returned after marrying the princess of Debbandar, he brought with him a golden statue of the Baanmata Debi. Everyday at dawn and at sundown, he would worship the idol. Many years passed. Bappa was getting old. Then one day, as he stood up after worshipping the Debi, the thread securing the brass amulet to his neck broke and the amulet dropped. Bappa had forgotten all about the amulet! When it fell, he thought, “Here is the long forgotten amulet that contains my identity. Let me see who my forefathers were!” Then he took the amulet to his queen and asked her to read from it. Bappa didn’t know how to read! Sitting at Bappa’s feet, the queen scanned through one side of the amulet – “Residence, Trikut mountains, Nagendranagar, Parashar forests.”, she read. With a smiling face, Bappa placed a hand on his queen’s shoulder. “This was the land of my youth. Many a game have I played here. Those Trikut mountains, that somber face of that eighty-year old Brahmin, that lustrous full-moon Jhulon night, that nectarous smile of the Solanki princess still float like dreams through my memory. How many a time have I tried, how many a man I have asked to show me that mountain. But alas the world is full of three-peaked hills! If only I knew that those cloud-like waves in the sky were called Trikut, that small city at the foot of the mountain was called Nagendranagar, that those deep woods where I played with the cowherds, where one night I married the Solanki princess were called the Parashar; If only I knew – . Hai, hai, alas. If only I knew how to read! So many years have passed. Will I ever find that princess or my old foster-father now? Read on. Let me see what else is written in the amulet.”

The queen turned the amulet over and continued, “Birthplace: Maliya mountains; father: Nagaditya; mother: Chitor Kumari; Name: Bappa.” The large eyes of the Maharani grew larger with consternation and wonder. She sat speechless, amulet in hand, on a carpet as beautiful as a bed of flowers; and above her on a bed of ivory, Bappa sat gazing at the large ring laid with ruby, sitting like a huge drop of blood on his finger, and thought to himself, “Hai – hai, what have I done! Instead of avenging myself on my father’s murderers, the Bhils, I have instead, murdered my uncle with this hand, and now sit on his throne!’

“Queen,” he said, “I am a great sinner, not worthy of the throne of Chitor. I vow, this moment to spend the rest of my life, avenging the murder of my father, and making amends for the sin of killing a relative.”

That very day, Bappa set out from Chitor with an army of ten thousand warriors. All his wrath fell on the Bhil kingdom in the Maliya mountains. Bappa conquered the Bhils and ransacked their kingdom. Then he marched further and annexed Kashmir, Kabul, Ispahan, Qandahar, Iran and Turan to his Kingdom. Only then did he rest.

By destroying the Bhil kingdom he felt he had avenged his father. By annexing half the world to the throne of Chitor, the guilt of having killed his uncle was much diluted. Yet he had no peace of mind, no happiness in life. When Bappa would rest after a tiring day’s fight, when the battle-field would be flooded with the light of the moon, he would think wistfully of the swing on the champa tree and the smile of the Solanki princess. When, after conquering a new land, Bappa would rest on a golden bed in his new palace, listening to the sweet song of some minstrel, he would fall asleep with the Jhulon song of the princess’s friends floating through his mind.

At last he reached Nagendranagar. But when he found that the Brahmin’s mud home had turned to dust; when he found that the Solanki palace lay soundless, dark vacant, with neither the princess nor her friends, Bappa’s heart seemed to break. Like a man turned mad with sorrow, he roamed the country with his army, looking for peace. The huge palace at Chitor brooded alone with an empty throne and a lonely queen.

Bappa reached Gayninagar in Ballabhipur, the place where Gayeb and Gayebi took birth. A long while ago Bappa had freed this very city from the clutches of Saleem, the Muslim ruler. He had fought, then, as the chief of king Maan’s army. And now, when grey streaks peeped from his once black hair, when dark curves cradled his once bright eyes, when wrinkles showed on his once tight skin, when the world was no longer a thing new and full of wonder to him, Bappa returned to Gayninagar. As he set foot in the city, he was reminded of the story of Gayeb and Gayebi. Bappa went to the great lake and prayed to the Sun God. The sun sank gently. Then Bappa retired into the white Marble sleeping chamber of his palace at Gayninagar. In the deep of night, Bappa suddenly awoke to the strains of sweet melody! He walked out onto the stone terrace. In front of him, the great mosque of the Muslims glistened under a crescent moon. All around was silence. In the soft light of the moon, Bappa stood and listened. The song sounded familiar. “I feel I have heard this song sometime, somewhere”, he thought. Then a whiff of the south wind passed by and the words sounded clear. “Aaj ki anondo”; it said, “jhulata jhulone shamar chando.” How full of joy we are today, Shyama, our sweet lord swings on the swing.” Bappa was shocked with surprise. “This is that same song, that very song! The Jhulon song of the Rajput princess of Nagendranagar!” Bappa bent over the edge of the terrace. On the street, a beggar woman sang ” How full of joy we are today.” Bappa immediately called in the beggar-woman. She stood before him on the terrace under the moon. Bappa asked her, “Who are you? Are you the Solanki princess of Nagendranagar? Did you marry a cowherd boy one full-moon Jhulon night?” For a long time the beggar woman stared at Bappa’s face, then she smiled a little and said, “Lord, in the middle of the night, what kind of a joke do you play on a beggar girl?” Bappa said, “Then you are not the princess?” The girl heaved a sigh. “A princess I was a long time ago. Now I am but a beggar maid. Lord I am the daughter of Saleem, the Muslim king. When I was but fifteen years old, you came one day and snatched away our kingdom. I watched you that day from this balcony. What a beautiful face you had, what a vast body! And, today, your body has sagged, there is no smile on your face. Who is this Rajput woman whose memory moves you from land to land, like a mad man?” “That does not matter”, said the king. “Sing that song again”; and the woman sang, “Aaj ki anondo; jhulata jhulone Shyamar chando.’ Bappa forgot all his sorrows and stared at the beggar-woman’s face, absorbed. The song ended. Bappa asked, “Princess, tell me, what can I give you?”

The woman answered, “If I had a kingdom, I would have asked you to marry me and make me your Begum. But this is a vain hope. I am a beggar now. Make me your slave and keep me near you.” Bappa said, “Princess, how can I make you a slave? Stay with me as my Begum. Sit by me always, and sing that song.”

The next day, Bappa married the Muslim girl and left for Khorasan. Who can tell whether he found peace of mind, standing by the rose-fountains in the gardens of Gulbag, and listening to the sweet Arabian and Hindustani songs of his Begum.

Bappa died at the age of one hundred. In the east, in Hindustan, he left his Hindu queen, his Hindu subjects. In the west, in Iranistan, he left his Muslim Begum, his Pathan subjects. The Hindus wanted to burn the body of their king. The Nawsera Pathans wished to place him in a Muslim grave. Finally, when the brocade covering with Sun Mantras written on one side, and hymns to Allah on the other was removed, the people were surprised to see no sign of Bappa’s body. Instead, millions of roses and lotuses lay scattered where he had been laid. The queen of Chitor preserved the lotuses in some water from the sacred lake, Manas-sarobar in the temple of the Baanmata Debi. The Begum of Iran buried a single red rose at the centre of her beloved garden of Gulbag by the side of a rose-water fountain. And that very day, in the land between Hindustan and Iranistan, on top of a mountain in the Hindukush, the bejewelled body of a Rajput king was burnt on a funeral pyre. A sanyasini stood before the fire and said, “Friends, let us sing that song.” Four sanyasinis stood surrounding the body and singing, “Aaj ki anondo! How full of joy we are today!”

The sanyasini near the fire was the Solanki princess, and the body on the pyre was that of King Bappa. Unceasingly, the two had searched for each other, but were kept apart for their entire lives, not destined to meet in this world.

Naloke

CHAPTER IV

The light is fading. Siddharta takes a dip in the Anjana, and sits under the Banyan on Saosti’s little seat. The sweet and earthy smell of the water-washed bulrushes has brought comfort and peace to Siddharta. He seems to see today, in the light of the full-moon, the entire world, upto its last point, – clearly distinctly.

Sitting there on his seat of kushas, Siddharta took a vow: ‘Whether this body lasts or perishes in the effort, this vow I take, that I shall discover the end-point to the path of Sadness. Without attaining to this siddhi, without attaining to this buddhi, without the perfection of Buddha, I shall not leave this seat.’ Sitting still in Bajrasana, his mind deep-concentrated he said –

‘Ihasane Shushyatu me Sharirang
Twagasthimangsang Pralayancha Yatu
Aprapya Bodhing Bahukalpadurlabhang
Naivasanath Kayamatashchalishyate.’

Then Mar – at whose name the worlds tremble, the Origin of all Evil Thought, the Speaker of all Evil Words, the Doer of all Evil Deeds, the great throne of that Mar shook at its foundations. His face darkened with rage, Mar is coming in person, today, amid cries of “Kill! Kill! Mar! Mar!”, towards Siddharta.

The regiments of Mar have awoken all over the world today. They are rushing – all sin, all sorrow, all blackness, all corruption, all jealousy, all pain, all darkness and dust – over the land, over the water, through the skies, from the ten directions, spreading, spreading, speeding, speeding!

Over the flooding smile of the full-moon, a black curtain has been drawn – by Mar! Through that blackness, the moon looks on, like a giant blood-eye! Instead of light, a great blood-rain is dripping from this eye onto the earth! As the splashing and splattering drops of blood rebound and touch the stars, they wither, fall dead and lightless!

Grasping the sky in a single fist, pressing the underworld with his feet, Mar has arrived in his own terrible form, in front of Siddharta. A great cape billows from his body, red as though dyed in human blood! The great sword of lightnings hangs at his waist; an enormous blood-stone tops his skull-crown. Rings of enchantment hang from his earlobes. On his breast there burns a great fire-locket – a conflagration, its malicious flames licking the air, reflecting the Evil glint in his eyes – tied around his neck with strings of fire!

Standing to the full of his height Mar, the Evil Majesty, heaves his enormous chest, and says to Siddharta – “Useless is your tapasya! Uttishta – arise! Kameshwarohasmi – I am Mar! There is no being in the three worlds who can stand victorious against me!

Uttishta, uttishta, Majhyavishayasthang vachang kurushwa – arise and depart; do not try to provoke me. Stay as my obedient servant, and I shall give to you all the riches of Indra. Go, enjoy great happiness as Emperor of the Earth. What use destroying your body with tapasya ? No being can dare be victorious against me ! No being can dare to become Buddha!

Siddharta replied – “O, Mar! For lives uncounted, have I been doing my tapasya. This time, I shall be Buddha, or not leave this seat. Whether this body lasts or perishes, this is my firm resolve”:

‘Ihasna Shushyatu me Sharirang
Twagasthimangsang Pralayancha Yatu
Aprapya Bodhing Bhaukalpadurlabhang
Naivasanath Kayamatashchalishyate.’

Three times, Mar repeated – “Uttishta – arise, depart, leave thy tapasya!’ Three times, Siddharta replied – “No! No! Naivasanath Kayamataschalishyate!”

His eyes bloody with rage, Mar let out a devilish roar which shook the three worlds, and pulled at the sky with his hand. Scratched with his sharp nails, the beautiful sky, ornamented with moon and stars, was ripped like some deep-blue saree, into a hundred shreds. Now there was no moon overhead, no stars. There only remained a great Blackness, a great Empty space – like the wide opened jaws of some infinite Mouth, rushing upon the earth in all-swallowing motion!

A great black tongue reaches down to the earth, from which a foul black saliva, like strings of clotted blood drip down onto the land! Mar looks up at the Black Mouth – two giant enamel-white pairs of teeth flash lightning, snapping at the earth with a sound of thunder – crashing, crushing, grinding! And from between those all-swallowing jaws, with a blood-curdling roar, there pour the hordes of Mar! The sun, the moon, rotate in their hands like little coits of flame. Blackening the ten directions they come – circling, circling, the hordes of Mar! Their chariot is the whirlwind. Their banner, the all-encompassing dust-storm! From the emptiness, they hurl fire-comets to the earth, like great brooms of Destruction – annihilating and sweeping away! Great trees, huge mountains, are wrenched from their roots and whirled and flung around by the regiments of Mar – all over the world, like giant hailstorms! A million lunatic horses, carrying the soldiers of Mar, have surrounded Siddharta and neigh and stomp and break the ground, and rush all around him. Lightning speeds forth from the ground, as they clang their hooves. Boiling blood-foam spills off their mouths as they rear and neigh and snort and pant in madness – all around the Bodhi Banyan! Every tree, every leaf, each flower, each blade of grass of the Urayil forests have been burnt to cinders! Through boiling blood, the Anjana rolls and churns and leaps and growls, all covered in flame! On the edge of the lightning sharpening their swords, from the flame of the lightning lighting their torches, horde upon horde, like perennially multiplying seeds of blood, are flying through the darkness in great numbers, falling on Buddhodeb. The sky melts and dissolves in their flame-breath, the wind burns as on fire, the earth glows like a smouldering piece of coal! They circle round and round, on the whirlwind, the flames crackling and sparking and spilling out from all around them: And at their centre, twirling a great burning palm-tree, red flames licking the skies – stands Mar, screaming in hideous rage – “Han! Han!”.

The underworld has been torn asunder by the nails on Mar’s feet – and from the underworld has arisen – Maharamari! Today at the call of Mar, wrapping the deep collyrium of Hell about her she has arisen, and is rushing – this Mari! Her dust-laden flaming hair flies in the wind – like a sky-spanning comet! The cries of pain and sorrow have arisen from all sides – the three worlds are trembling! Where the wind, having touched Mahamari’s body goes on to meet the land – mountains crumble to dust, rocks are crushed, forests are burned, the rivers, the seas, the oceans, all dry up ! Nothing can be seen in any direction. All has been devastated.
All has become one great Desert. All has died, has laid down, has been burnt, been turned to dust and ashes. Splitting the skies, over all earth can be heard the terror-cry of Mari, the enraged roar of Mar: and everywhere hangs the weird stink of the smashan – burnt human flesh!

A fourth of the night has passed. The hordes of Mar, the hordes of Mari, like fire-faced wolves, like blood-eyed bats, throwing flames from their mouth, are flying and running in all directions, are crying and weeping, “Ha-ha, hu-hu”.

The sky is rotating overhead, the earth is rotating underneath with a great unearthly sound – ghar-ghar, ghar-ghar – like two giant grinding-wheels trying to crush Buddhodeb between them! With a lightning bolt in each hand, Mar threatens Buddhodeb -“Run away! Run away! You still have a chance. Leave your tapasya!” But Buddhodeb pays no heed whatsoever to Mar. He neither looks at Mar, nor lends the slightest ear to his suggestions. ‘Karuna’, the daughter of Mar, with her two little sisters, ‘Chala’, and ‘Kala’, is trying her best to distract the attention of Buddhodeb. Taking sometimes, the form of Mother Gotami, sometimes that of Jashodara, they are falling at his feet with folded hands, weeping, writhing. To melt his heart, to break his mind, they come dressed as heaven’s angels, singing and dancing. But Buddhodeb is not to be moved. Today, he is seated immovable in Bajrasana. Nothing can disturb his fixed meditation!

Then that Mar – that great and terrible Mar whose power causes heaven and earth and hell to tremble, under whose feet are Indra, Chandra, Vayu and Varuna, whose commands are obeyed implicitly by the sea, the earth, the sky – the throne of that Mar has been crushed today, by the power of Buddha! Today Mar stands defeated, unable to shake a hair on the head of Siddharta, unable to shake a leaf of the immortal Banyan! Now, he dares not stand for even a moment, in front of the Buddha: He dares not look the Buddha in the face! Putting off the torches in both his hands, in the midst of the fray, Mar has slunk away like a shameful coward – back below the underworld, into the deepest darkness of the unconscious – leaving blackness all around him! In the midst of that collyrium-black sits Buddhodeb, fearless, immovable, meditating hour after hour through the night.

The night is ending. But the earth still convulses- great intermittent sobs every now and then, in fear of Mar – the moon is afraid of rising, the day is afraid of coming. At such an hour, breaking his meditation after vanquishing Mar, after killing all Fear from the face of the earth, Buddhodeb stood up. Today, he has become a siddha, a Buddha. He has found the end to all suffering. With his right hand, he offers Protection to the earth; with his left hand, he assures Fearlessness to the Gods. Around his golden body the Seven Lights are concentrated, and radiate out all over the world. In that light, the earth has awoken, with the Victory-song of Ananda on her lips. She wears, today, a new dress, a new life. From under the feet of the Buddha, the Nairanjan rolls on gently, sprinkling the waters of Peace in all directions.

Phenomenology of Non-Factual Intersubjective Practice

Translation of an excerpt from Abanindranath Tagore’s Apan Katha (Self-Story)
by Debashish Banerji
At That Time, Re-membering the Third Floor House, An Excerpt from ‘Cyclone’
This I know then – there is day, there is night, and the two don’t come together to our third floor. This also I have known – breeze, one is cold, one is hot, but neither has a palm leaf umbrella in his hand. Sun burns, rain wets their bodies. This also I have learnt that sometimes a crowd of sunshine entering from outside at once lays each a mat by the window and sits to bask in the sun. Once in a while a someone sunshine suddenly arrives through the open window at the crack of dawn. At a corner of the bed he/she sits waiting for us to leave then quickly rolls about on the pillow, the cotton mat, the coverlet. Then, swiftly, in fear of getting caught, leaving the bed it climbs up to the rafters. Close to the rooftop in a an alcove live two blue pigeons I know, as soon as it is light they start their memorizations – paak-pakaam mejdi sejdi. Little finger says khabo, ring finger says kothay pabo, middle finger says dhaar koro ge, another finger, its name I don’t know, but it says I know, sudhbo kise. Thumb says lobodonka. Whatever that is, looks like a chili and tastes hot or sweet I’m unsure, but to shout the word is fun. Finding the smallest crack in the closed shutter I know night comes, on some days, a drop of light like a white butterfly with its wings folded, on my pillow it sleeps. On covering with the hand it rises from below the palm and walks about on the hand surface. So swift so small it is, that even a pillow cannot hold it down, quickly it climbs to the top of the pillow. If I lie on my back upon it, I see boring through my neck it is seated on top of my nose; only when I climb face down on it is it in trouble – it is absolutely trapped, this I have learnt with certainty.
Before learning to read, before learning even to see hear walk talk, there were no books then to teach children about stars, earth, animals, sky, trees, countries. No authors even perhaps, so a little I know by myself, a little by watching, a little through hard experience, a little by listening, some by thought.
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Knowing comes this way to me today too – of all things – they arrive of their own to disclose themselves and offer themselves to the grasp. They arrive as if to play – I do not seek them out – of their own volition they come and catch my eye, show themselves in self-chosen forms and disappear like players at the end of the game. At that time, fifty years ago, it was the same. Not seeking I, all showing themselves to me, and in this manner my knowing of them intimately. Sunlight, wind, room, house, flower, leaf, bird was their experience a deception, or hiding their appearance did they come in enchanting forms to introduce themselves truly to me, who can set me right on this?
The house had made known to me then that it is third floor. That below the third floor there is another floor, which is called second floor and below that even there is a floor known as first floor, this the house had not then given me to know. But that it floats in water or air this deception the house had not asserted to me either. The house had told me no lie. Some portion of itself the house had kept concealed, some portion it had brought to my knowledge. But through concealment and disclosure it had brought itself to me as such a wonder to relate to, that no viewing of a picture of the entire house or engineer’s plan or as in today’s practice a walk-through of the property could have at all made possible. To the thirst for factual knowledge the house as a self-sufficient house stands always complete and knowable in all its parts which truly is not how it had shown itself to me. But that erstwhile second-floor-first-floor-less third floor house remains still a reality to me….